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Veterinary Physiology > Endocrine Pancreas II > Flashcards

Endocrine Pancreas II Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

How does carbohydrate metabolism affect insulin?

A

decreases blood glucose
increases glucose transport into muscle and adipose
promotes glycogen formation in liver and muscle
inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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2
Q

Insulin also aids in _______ of glucose in the liver for glycogen storage. Also keeps it from leaving the cell

A

phosphorylation

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3
Q

How does lipid metabolism affect insulin?

A

inhibits mobilization of oxidation of fatty acids
inhibits ketogenesis in liver
promotes ffa storage as triglycerides
inhibits ffa uptake in muscle (in favor of glucose)
inhibits lipolysis

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4
Q

What is ketogenesis? What does it produce

A

breakdown of fatty acid and ketogenic amino acids to supply energy during fasting
produces ketone bodies

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5
Q

What enzyme increases with ffa storage as triglycerides? Where?

A

lipoprotein lipase
adipose

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6
Q

When you inhibit lipolysis with insulin secretion, you inhibit _________

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

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7
Q

How does protein metabolism affect insulin?

A

ANABOLIC!
decreased blood amino acids
increase aa and protein uptake by tissues
increase protein synthesis
inhibit protein degredation

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8
Q

What are other action of insulin?

A

promotes K+ uptake into cells
promotes phosphate, Mg2+ uptake into cells
decrease appetite

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9
Q

Insulin [increases/decreases] appetite via the ________

A

decreases
satiety center of hypothalamus

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10
Q

What does excess insulin cause?

A

hypoglycemia

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11
Q

What does hypoglycemia stimulate?

A

cortisol release to stimulate appetite

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12
Q

What happens in insulin resistance?

A

insulin over-produced (because of high blood glucose which stimulates the release in pancreas, beta cells, remember)
blood insulin and glucose remain high

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13
Q

Why is insulin over-produced with resistance? It helps protect….

A

during acute illness
preserve brain’s glucose supply

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14
Q

Why is there insulin resistance?

A

decrease number of receptors
decreased affinity of receptors for insulin

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15
Q

What effect does insulin have on ffa storage in adipose tissue?

A

increases

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16
Q

What are som other causes of insulin resistance?

A

hormones
obesity
liver or kidney failure
sepsis
insulin antibodies

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17
Q

T/F: It is completely normal to have short-term insulin resistance due to hormones

A

TRUE!

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18
Q

What happens in obesity with insulin resistance?

A

get impaired insulin signaling
decrease inGLUT 4 receptor expression in adipose tissue

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19
Q

What happens with skeletal muscle regarding insulin resistance in obesity?

A

GLUT 4 expression is normal but decreased transport due to translocation/docking/fusion of GLUT 4 into membrane

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20
Q

What happens with liver or kidney failure with insulin resistance?

A

suggested there are circulating factors in blood of uremic patients that disrupt insulin signaling

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21
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

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A

insulin deficiency
destruction of beta cells, usually due to autoimmune process

22
Q

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?

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A

insulin resistance (cells not responding normally)

23
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

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A

insulin resistance can be associated with down-regulation of insulin receptors in muscle and adipose tissues or issues with insulin signaling

24
Q

What is insulinoma?

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A

excessive insulin production by beta-cell tumor

25
What results in a lack of insulin?
hyperglycemia hyperlipidemia peripheral tissue protein catabolism
26
What is responsible for most of fasting hyperglycemia?
increased hepatic output
27
What does increased hepatic output lead to with a lack of insulin?
gluconeogenesis increases uses glucogenic amino acids and glycerol (associated with increased glucagon)
28
List the effects of hyperglycemia with decreased insulin
increased hepatic output in type 2 diabetes cells starve blood hyperosmolality osmotic diuresis in kidneys
29
What happens with osmotic diuresis in kidneys?
glucose spilling into urine, water follows
30
What happens in hyperlipidemia with decreased insulin?
increased oxidation of fat - due to increased lipolysis fat accumulation in liver
31
Fatt accumulation in the liver has what effects regarding low insulin with hyperlipidemia?
increase free fatty acids increase keto acids overwhelm liver (fatty)
32
What happens in peripheral tissue protein catabolism with low insulin action? Why?
muscle wasting weight loss due to gluconeogensis and LOW amino acid uptake by cells
33
[Insulin/Glucagon] sequence is identical in ALL species
glucagon
34
What stimulates glucagon release?
hypoglycemia protein/aa - stimulates liver to take up aa for fasting fasting stress (especially infection) intense exercise cholecystokinin
35
What inhibits glucagon secretion?
glucose insulin somatostatin
36
How does glucagon act?
works through stimulation of a G-protein/cAMP to mediate effects
37
What are the effects of glucagon?
increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketoacid formation
38
Does glucagon have effect on glucose utilization by peripheral tissues?
Not really - little to no effect
39
What is glucagonoma?
tumor of alpha-cells in pancreas results in diabetes mellitus and necrolytic migratory erythema
40
What are the pathophysiology associated with glucagon?
glucagonoma hyperglucagonemia/diabetes mellitus associated with infection
41
What is hyperglucagonemia/diabetes mellitus associated with infection?
glucagon:insulin ration increased
42
Somatostatin is secreted by _______
delta cells in pancreas hypothalamus GI cells
43
Somatostatin is stimulated by
all nutrients, inhibited by insulin
44
Somatostatin is inhibited by
insulin
45
Somatostatin inhibits
insulin and glucagon GI hormones GI motility, enzymes, gastric acid secretion
46
SS-28 is ___
GI stomatostatin
47
SS-14 is ____
pancreatic & hypothalamic
48
List some hormones of adipose tissue?
leptin tumor necrosis factor-alpha adiponectin
49
Define leptin
inhibits appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y increases basal metabolic rate resistance can contribute to obesity - an adipose tissue hormone
50
What is adiponectin?
improves insulin sensitivity
51
Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity by ______
increasing tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor
52
[High/Low] adiponectin has a low risk of type 2 diabetes, and [high/low] adiponectin increases risk of obesity and diabetes (cats)
low high

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