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Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances Flashcards

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1
Q

What substances regulate GI functions?

A

GI peptides:
hormones
neurocrines
paracrines

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2
Q

What are the release sites of GI peptides?

A

from endocrine cell or neurons (neurocrine)

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3
Q

What are the routes taken of GI peptides?

A

travel through blood
OR
act within same tissue

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4
Q

T/F: GI peptides are released from endocrine cells of GIT, not glands.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Where do hormones enter?

A

portal circulation, liver, systemic circulation, target cells

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6
Q

What’s the target(s) of GI hormones?

A

in GIT or elsewhere

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7
Q

List the 4 GI hormones

A

gastrin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
secretin
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

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8
Q

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide is also called…

A

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

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9
Q

Define GI paracrines.

A

secreted by endocrine cells of GIT
act LOCALLY within SAME tissue

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10
Q

What is the major GI paracrine hormone? What actions does it have?

A

somatostatin
major inhibitory actions

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11
Q

Define GI neurocrines.

A

synthesized in neurons of GIT and released after an AP

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11
Q

What are some major neurocrines.

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)
enkephalins
neuropeptide Y
substance P

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11
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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11
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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12
Q

Fill in the blanks

A
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13
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

promote hydrogen ion secretion (stomach releases HCl)
stimulate growth of gastric mucosa
increase gastric motility

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14
Q

Gastrin is secreted by ______ in the ______

A

G cells, stomach

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15
Q

What are the two forms of gastrin?

A

big and little

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16
Q

When is big gastrin secreted?

A

between meals and low basal levels

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17
Q

When is little gastrin secreted?

A

in response to a meal —> distention of stomach in presence of AMINO ACIDS and PEPTIDES

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18
Q

Gastrin is a local vagal reflex, where ____ is released from vagal nerves onto G cells.

A

GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide)

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19
Q

What inhibits gastrin secretion?

A

low gastric pH
somatostatin (paracrine)

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20
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

overgrowth of gastrin mucosa
gastronoma (gastrin-secreting tumor)
INCREASES H+ ions
non-beta cell pancreas

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21
Q

What secretes cholecystokinin (CCK)? Where?

A

I cells of duodenal & jejunal mucosa

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22
CCK is secreted in response to...
presence of fatty acids amino acids peptides
23
What are the 5 actions of CCK?
contraction of gallbladder (emulsify bile) secretion of pancreatic enzymes (lipases to release FA amylase for starch, proteases for protein) secretion of HCO3- from pancreas growth of exocrine pancreas & gallbladder inhibition of gastric emptying (increases digestion)
24
Fill in the blanks of CCK actions.
25
What is secretin secreted by?
S cells of duodenum
26
What is secretin secreted in response to?
H ions fatty acids present in small intestine
27
What does secretin inhibit?
gastrin release from G cells in stomach
28
Fill in the blanks of secretin actions.
29
What is gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP) secreted by?
K cells of duodenum and jejunum
30
What is GIP secreted in response to?
glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
31
What does GIP stimulate?
insulin secretion
32
What stimulates GIP?
ORAL glucose load **NOT** intravenous
33
What does GIP inhibit?
gastric H ion secretion gastric emptying and motility
34
List the candidate hormones.
motilin pancreatic polypeptide enteroglucagon glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
35
What are candidate hormones?
not considered true GI hormones because they fail to meet one or more criteria - secreted by GIT
36
What is motilin secreted by?
upper duodenum during FASTING
37
What does motilin stimulate?
GI motility interdigestive myoelectric complexes at 90 minute intervals - trigger peristaltic waves
38
What is pancreatic polypeptide secreted by?
pancreas in response to ingestion of carbs, proteins, and lipids
39
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
self-regulates pancreatic secretion inhibits pancreatic secretion of HCO3- and enzymes
40
What is enteroglucagon secreted by?
intestinal cells in response to decreased blood glucose
41
What does enteroglucagon stimulate?
stimulate liver to increase glyconolysis and gluconeogenesis
42
What does glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) stimulate?
insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
43
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by?
L cells of small intestine
44
What is secreted in response to nutrient indigestion?
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
45
What does glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibit?
inhibits glucagon secretion inhibits gastric emptying inhibits appetite
46
What is somatostatin secreted by? In response to what?
D cells of GI mucosa in response to decreased luminal pH
47
What does somatostatin inhibit?
secretion of other GI hormones gastric H ion secretion
48
Where is major secretion of histamine?
H-ion secretion area of stomach
49
What does histamine stimulate?
H ion secretion by gastric parietal cells
50
Histamine is a _________.
paracrine
51
Where are neurocrines synthesized?
cell bodies of GI neurons
52
An ________ causes a release of a neurocrine.
action potential
52
Where is a release point for neuromodulators? (peptidergic)
**postganglionic non-cholinergic parasympathetic neurons** - VIP - substance P - GRP - enkephalins - neuropeptide Y
53
Where is the satiety center located?
ventromedial nucleus (VPN) of hypothalamus - something to do with arcuate nucleus
54
What does the satiety center do?
inhibit appetite even in presence of food
55
_________ neurons release pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
anorexigenic - satiety center
56
Where is the feeding center located?
lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) - something to do with arcuate nucleus
57
_______ neurons release neuropeptide Y
orexigenic - feeding center
58
Fill in the blanks.

Veterinary Physiology (26 decks)

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