Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli

Question 1

is a large diverse group of bacteria that includes animal and human pathogens as well as saprophytes and plant pathogens

Answer 1

corynebacterium

Question 2

on the basis of 16s rybosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA),
corynebacteria is closely related to

Answer 2

mycobacteria and nocardiae

Question 3

corynebacteria can be divided into nonlipophilic and lipophilic species,

which one is the fastidious one

Answer 3

lipophilic species

isipin mo nalang ang mataba, madaming lipo, tapos mabagal tumakbo kaya fastidious siya

Question 4

describe the baccili or rod appearance of corynebacteria

Answer 4

non parallel sides and slightly wider ends producing club shape or coryneform

Question 5

it is not possible to identify a significant proportion of coryneform-like isolates to the species level without the use of ___

Answer 5

Matrix-assisted light desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry or 16s DNA gene sequencing

Question 6

the disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae is called as

Answer 6

diphtheria

Question 7

the major virulence factor of C. diphtheria

Answer 7

diphtheria toxins

Question 8

the gene that carries diphtheria toxin is called

Answer 8

tox gene

Question 9

Diphtheria toxin is a protein of ____ Daltons

Answer 9

62,000 Da

Question 10

the diphtheria toxin has how many fragments

Answer 10

2 - A and B

Question 11

the diphtheria toxin is very potent and is lethal for humans in amounts of

Answer 11

100 ng/kg per body weight

Question 12

the toxicity of diphtheria toxin is caused by the ability of it to ___

Answer 12

block the protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells

Question 13

the diphtheria toxin produced by the bacterial cells is non toxic until it’s exposed to ___

Answer 13

trypsin

Question 14

a process of cleaving the diphtheria toxin into 2 fragments whose are held together by a disulfide bridge

ano raw tawag sa paghihiwalay ng fragments ng toxin in diphtheria

Answer 14

trypsinization

Question 15

the fragment of diphtheria toxin that is responsible for the cytotoxicity

Answer 15

fragment A

Question 16

the fragment of diphtheria toxin that is responsible for binding to receptors on human cells and mediates the entry of the other fragment into the cytoplasm

Answer 16

fragment B

Question 17

production of toxin in vitro of C. diptheriae depends on numerous environmental conditions such as ___

Answer 17

alkaline pH (7.8-8)
oxygen
iron concentration - most important

Question 18

the amount of iron needed for optimal toxin production of C.diphjtheria is less than the amount needed for growth

true or false

Answer 18

true

Question 19

2 disease presentation of C.diphtheriae

Answer 19

respiratory
cutaneous

Question 20

the only natural host of C. diphtheriae

Answer 20

humans

Question 21

an effective toxoid vaccine for diptheria is available

for formalin-treated diphtheria toxin

true or false

Answer 21

true

Question 22

what is the vaccine related to diphtheria which is a trivalent form of vaccine

Answer 22

trivalent - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis

Question 23

the metachromatic areas of the cell of diphtheriae, which stain more intensely than other parts are called as

Answer 23

Babes-ernst granules

Question 24

they represent accumulation of polymerized polyphosphates indicates the accumulation of nutrient reserves

Answer 24

babes-ernst granules of C.diphtheriae

Question 25

respiration of C.diphtheria,

Answer 25

facultative anaerobe but grows best under aerobic conditions facultative anaerobe kasi it can grow without oxygen, A facultative anaerobe is a microorganism that can grow with or without oxygen, but prefers oxygen when it’s available because it produces more energy that way.

Question 26

C.diphtheriae can grow in NA, but will better grow in medium containing blood or serum such as

Answer 26

loeffler serum or Pai agars

Question 27

a modification of tinsdale medium, which contains sheep red blood cells, bovine serum, cystine, and potassium tellurite

Answer 27

cystine-tellurite blood agar

Question 28

Cystine-tellurite blood agar or CTBA is what type of media

Answer 28

both selective and differential

Question 29

why CTBA is considered as specific media

Answer 29

it can inhibits non coryneform bacteria

Question 30

when grown on CTBA, corynebacteria forms what colonies

Answer 30

black or brownish colonies from the reduction of tellurite however, it's not distinctive for Corynebacterium

Question 31

genus listeria has over how many species

Answer 31

20 species but only listeria monocytogenes is considered an important human pathogen

Question 32

speciies of listeria wherein is primarily an animal pathogen but has been linked to rare systematic infections in humans with underlying conditions

Answer 32

listeria ivanovii

Question 33

has long been known to cause illnesss in many species of wild and domestic animals, including sheep, cattle, swine, horses, dogs, cats, rodents, birds, and fishes, and it can be isolated from both human and animal asymptomatic carriers

Answer 33

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 34

is recognized as an uncommon but serious infection primarily of neonates, pregnant women, older adults, and immunocompromised hosts

Answer 34

listeriosis

Question 35

during pregnancy, listeriosis is most commonly seen during the ___- trimester

Answer 35

third

Question 36

it has been postulated that it is responsible for spontaneous abortion and stillborn

Answer 36

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 37

in wet mount preparation, what is the motility of listeria monocytogenes

Answer 37

tumbling motility (end-over-end motiloity )

Question 38

because L monocytogenes grows at 4*C, a technique called ____ may be used to isolate the organism from polymicrobial clinical specimens

Answer 38

cold enrichment

Question 39

there are 6 species in the genus erysipelothrix, which one is the only species known to cause disease in humans

Answer 39

E. rhusiopathiae

Question 40

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 3 disease presentation

Answer 40

erysepeloid seticemia generalized diccuse cutaneous infection

Question 41

a disease presentation of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae which is a localized skin disease

Answer 41

erysipeloid

Question 42

the most common infection cause by E,rhusiopathiae

Answer 42

erysipeloid

Question 43

the infected are is painful, swollen and gives rise to a characteristic lesion- a sharply defined, slightly elevated, purplish red zone that spreads peripherally as discolorization of the central area fades

Answer 43

erysipeloid

Question 44

drug of choice of treating both c8utaneous and systemic infection of E rhusioptahiae

Answer 44

penicillin or amoxicillin

Question 45

microscopic appearance of E.rhusiopathiae

Answer 45

thin rod shaped gram positive that can form long filaments singly, in short chains, or in V shape

Question 46

growth of E. rhusiopathiae in a gelatin stab culture yields a highly characteristic ____ pattern at 22*C

Answer 46

test tube brush-like pattern

Question 47

How many species to gardnerella has

Answer 47

4 species - Gardnerella vaginalis is the primary species in the genus associated with human infections

Question 48

is primarily known for its association with bacterial vaginosis

Answer 48

Gardnerella vaginalis

Question 49

is characterized by a malodorous discharge and vaginal pH greater than 4.5

Answer 49

bacterial vaginosis

Question 50

how do bacterial vaginosis formed?

Answer 50

due to reduction of lactobacillus in the vagina, followed by an increase in vaginal pH; this results in overgrowth of BV-associated organisms that make up the normal vaginal biota

Question 51

the drug of choice to treat BV is

Answer 51

metronidazole although clindamycin is also often used

Question 52

is generally regarded as the reference method for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis

Answer 52

gram staining of vaginal secretions

Question 53

the observation of ______, a large squamous epithelial cells with gram-positive and gram-variable bacilli and coccobacilli clustered on the edges, aids the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

Answer 53

clue cells

Question 54

this scoring system for gram stained vaginal smears provide a more accurate means of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis that cultures

Answer 54

nugent scoring system

Question 55

what are the 4 criteria for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis

Answer 55

homogenous thin, white discharge that smoothly coats the vaginal walls clue cells pH of vaginal greater than 4.5 fishy odor of vaginal discharge before or after addition of 10% potassium hydroxide - whiff test

Question 56

appearance of colonies of G. vaginalis in SBA

Answer 56

pinpoint, nonhemolytic colonies,

Question 57

are aerobic, branched, beaded, gram positive bacili.

Answer 57

Nocardia

Question 58

are partially acid fast, meaning they retain the primary stain but only when a weak acid is used as the decolorizer during the acid-fast staining process

Answer 58

Nocardia

Question 59

Nocardia are partially acid fast, meaning they retain the primary stain but only when a weak acid is used as the decolorizer during the acid-fast staining process this characteristic is also referred to as ________

Answer 59

modified acid-fast positive

Question 60

nocardia spp. produce __ and ___ which may provide resistance to oxidative killing by phagocytes

Answer 60

superoxide dismutase and catalase

Question 61

the most common manifestation of infection of nocardia spp is a confluent ____

Answer 61

bronchopneumonia that is usually chronic but may be acute or relapsing

Question 62

Nocardia also produce an iron-chelating compound called

Answer 62

nocobactin

Question 63

common MOT of Nocardia spp

Answer 63

inhalation- since broncho or pulmunary is the common manifestation ofcors inhalation is the common MOT

Question 64

what do you call a lesion that begins as a localized subcutaneous abscess that is invasive and quite destructive of the tissues and underlying bone

Answer 64

actinomycotic mycetoma

Question 65

the most common cause of actinomycotic mycetoma

Answer 65

Nocardia brasiliensis

Question 66

the survival of Bacillus spp. in nature is aided bu the formation of ____ that are resistant to conditions to which vegetative cells are intolerant

Answer 66

spores

Question 67

spore forming ability when it comes to respiration of clostridium and baccilus spp

Answer 67

bacillus spp - forms endospores aerobically clostridium spp - forms endospores anaerobically

Question 68

bacillus anthracis caused ___ in cattle and helped prove the germ theory of disease

Answer 68

anthrax

Question 69

specie of Bacillus that is considered a potentially bioterrorism agent, it is important for clinical laboratories to rule out this organism when bacillus spp are isolated and to send isolates to a reference laboratory

Answer 69

Bacillus anthracis

Question 70

In 2016, ___ was added to the list of potential bioterrorism and is commonly found only in African countries, known to cause anthrax-like disease in gorillas, chimpanzees, elephants, mongooses, and other animals

Answer 70

Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis

Question 71

virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis

Answer 71

protective antigen (PA) edema factor (EF) lethal factor (LF ) each of which individually is nontoxic but together act synergistically to produce damaging effects

Question 72

which among the proteins or virulence factor of anthrax serves as a necessary binding molecule for the other protein

Answer 72

PA - protective antigen serves as a binding molecule for EF and LF

Question 73

how anthrax spread to other animals

Answer 73

by animals feeding on plants contaminated with the spores or from the contaminated soil

Question 74

terms such as ____ and ____ were used to describe the infection with the spores of B.anthracis as a result of handling contaminated animal fibers, hides, and other animal products

Answer 74

woolsorter's disease and ragpicker's disease

Question 75

4 forms of anthrax

Answer 75

cutaneous inhalation or pulmonary gastrointestinal injectional anthrax

Question 76

the form of anthrax that emerged recently and is recognized as an additional form of clinical infection, results from direct injection of spores into tissue generally during the administration of drugs of abuse

Answer 76

injectional anthrax

Question 77

in cutaneous anthrax, a small dark area appears in the center of the ring and eventually ulcerates and dries, forming a depressed black necrotic central area known as

Answer 77

eschar or black eschar

Question 78

the lesion of cutaneous anthrax is sometimes called as ___ even though it's not like that

Answer 78

malignant pustule - not a pustule nor malignant

Question 79

inhalation anthrax also called as ___ when spores are inhaled into the pulmonary parenchyma

Answer 79

woolsorter's disease

Question 80

how to contract gastrointestinal anthrax

Answer 80

ingestion of undercooked or raw meat containing B,anthracis spores

Question 81

appears microscopically of B anthracis

Answer 81

as a large, square ended, gram positive rod found singly or in chains when in chains the end of the cells fit snugly together, if unstained, the central spores gives the appearance of `bamboo rods`

Question 82

the term ____ has been used to describe the colony morphology of B.anthracis

Answer 82

medusa head

Question 83

B. anthracis colonies have a tenacious consistency, holding tightly to the agar surface, and when the edges are lifted with a loof, they stand upright without support. This has been described as having the appearance or characteristic of ____________

Answer 83

beaten egg whites

Question 84

difference of B cereus to B anthracis

Answer 84

cereus can be grown aerobically at 37*C on SBA it's B-hemolytic frosted glass-appearing colony motile and can ferment salicin, lecithinase positive

Question 85

bacillus cereus is most noted for causing which illness

Answer 85

food poisoning

Question 86

c