ANAEROBES OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Question 1

the most potent biological oxidant known

Answer 1

hydroxyl radical (OH)

Question 2

explain the process of reducing oxygen that is detrimental for anaerobes

Answer 2

oxygen –reduced–> superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide

superoxide anions + hydrogen peroxide + Irone generates Hydroxyl radical

Question 3

strict aerobes and facultative anaerobe bacteria that uses oxygen have enzymes called ________ to protect them from superoxide anions and toxic derivatives

Answer 3

superoxide dismutase or catalase

Question 4

explain the process of dismutase to superoxide anions

Answer 4

it converts superoxide anion to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide is still toxic but not as toxic as superoxide anion or hydroxyl radical

hydrogen peroxide will further be broken down into water and oxygen by catalase

Question 5

exogenous anaerobic infections are usually caused by gram positive, spore-forming bacilli belonging to the genus ______

Answer 5

clostridium

Question 6

all spore forming anaerobic bacilli are classified in the genera ______

Answer 6

clostridium

Question 7

clostridium perfringens is associated with what type of condition

Answer 7

food poisoning - GI illlness

Question 8

in two types of C perfringens GI illness, which one is more serious but rarely seen disease

Answer 8

type C

Question 9

what are the toxin produce by botulinom that causes human disease

Answer 9

A-E

but there are 7 toxins

Question 10

the main clinical presentation of botulism

Answer 10

weakness and paralysis

Question 11

other clinical manifestation of botulism aside from weakness and paralysis

Answer 11

double or blurred vision
impaired speech
difficulty swallowing

Question 12

botolinum toxin type A (botox) is also used to medically treat ________

Answer 12

strabismus (crossing eyes )
chronic migraines
beauty enhancer by temporarily improving facial wrinkles

Question 13

food sources of botulinum toxin causing botulism

Answer 13

home-canned vegetables, home-cured meat such as ham, fermented fish, and other preserved foods.

Question 14

the food most commonly associated with INFANT BOTULISM is

Answer 14

honey contaminated with botulinum spores

Question 15

a neurotoxin produced by clostridium tetani that acts on neurons, preventing the release of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 15

tetanospasmin

Question 16

this result of spastic type of paralysis, with continuous muscular spasms leading to trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (distorded grin), and difficulty breathing

Answer 16

tetanus

Question 17

clinical manifestations of tetanus

Answer 17

muscular rigidity usually in the jaw, neck, and lumbar region
difficulty swallowing results from muscular spasms in the pharyngeal area

Question 18

also called as gas gangrene

Answer 18

myonecrosis

Question 19

gas grangrene usually occurs when clostridium contaminate ______

Answer 19

wounds, trauma or surgery

Question 20

the most common specie causing myonecrosis

Answer 20

C.perfringens

so di lang siya for food poisoning, ok?

Question 21

the most common specie recovered in blood culture

Answer 21

C.perfringens

Question 22

is the most common but not the sole causae of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and psuedomembranous colitis

Answer 22

C.difficile

Question 23

following antimicrobial therapy, many bowel biota organisms are killed, thus, resulting in less competition for this certain bacteria to proliferate and produce toxins

Answer 23

C.difficile

Question 24

double hemolysis in agar is seen in

Answer 24

clostridium perfringens