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ALDEHYDE FIXATIVE Flashcards

1
Q

Chemically alter the tissue by binding with it and adding themselves to the tissue

A

Additive Fixative

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2
Q

Types of additive fixative

A

Formaldehyde
Mercuric chloride
Chromium trioxide
Picric acid
Glutaraldehyde
Osmium tetraoxide
Zinc Sulfate

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3
Q

Acts on tissue without chemically combining with it

A

Non-Additive Fixative

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4
Q

Examples of Non-Additive Fixative

A

Acetone
Alcohol

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5
Q

Historically defined as the killing, penetration, and hardening of tissues

A

Fixation

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6
Q

Currently defined as the alteration of tissues by stabilizing __

A

Protein

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7
Q

Funtions of Fixation

A
  • change the soluble contents of cells into insoluble structures
  • fixation stops autolysis putrefaction and decay
  • stabilize structures to maintain the proper relationship of cells and their stoma
  • Fixation enhances staining
  • hardens tissue making it firm for proper grossing and easy cutting of thin sections for processing
  • affects refractive index
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8
Q

Effects of Fixation

A
  • Safer handlingand processing
  • prevents bacterial decomposition
  • tissue resistance to the effect of subsequent processing
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9
Q

Chemically alter the tissue by binding with it and adding themselves to the tissue

A

Additive fixative

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10
Q

Examples of additive fixative

A

*Formaldehyde
*Mercuric chloride
*Chromium trioxide
*picric acid
*glutaraldehyde
*osmium trioxide
*zinc sulfate

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11
Q

Act on tissue without chemicallyvcombining with it

A

Non-additive fixative

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12
Q

Examples of non-additive fixative

A

*Acetone
*alcohol

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13
Q

Acts by creating a network that allows solutions to readily penetrate anterior of the tissue

A

Coagulant fixative

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14
Q

Examples of coagulant fixative

A

*zinc salts
*mercuric chloride
*picric acid
*ethyl alcohol
*methyl alcohol
*acetone

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15
Q

-create gel that makes it difficult to penetrate subsequent solutions
-sections should be cut thinly

A

Non-coagulant fixative

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16
Q

Section tissues should be cut very thinly

A

Non-Coagulant Fixative

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17
Q

Preserve specific cellular constituents

A

cytologic fixatives

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18
Q

What is the additive of nuclear fixatives

A

Glacial acetic acid

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19
Q

Ph of nuclear fixative with glacial acetic acid

A

4.6pH or less

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20
Q

What type of cytologic fixative is without glacial acetic acid

A

Cytoplasmic fixative

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21
Q

pH of cytoplasmic fixative

A

4.6pH or more

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22
Q

what type of cytologic fixative is with glacial acetic acid

A

Nuclear fixative

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23
Q

Fixative that preserve the chemical constituents of cells and tissue

A

Histochemical Fixative

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24
Q

Fixative that permits the general microscopic study of tissue structure without altering the structural integrity

A

Microanatomical Fixative

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25
Factors affecting fixation
1. Temperature 2. Specimen size 3. Volume ratio 4. Type of tissue 5. Time of fixation 6. Penetration 7. pH 8.osmolality
26
Ideal fixative to specimen ratio
15-20:1
27
Ratio of osmium tetraoxide to specimen
5-10:1
28
Ratio of fixative for museum material
50-100:1
29
Temp at which fixation is mostly done
20-22C
30
temperature at which RNA is done
45C
31
Temp at which DNA is done
65C
32
Temperature at which formalin is heated for urgent Biopsy
60C
33
temp at which formalin is heated for tissue with TB
100C
34
Recommended specimen size
2cm^2 x 4mm
35
specimen size for electrom microscopy
1 to 2mm^2
36
specimen size for ung edema
1 to 2 cm
37
Types of tissues
A. Hollow organs B. Air Filled Lungs C. Human Brains D. Whole Organs
38
2 methods to fix hollow organs
1. Place cotton (submerged with fixative) in the hollow space of the organ 2. Cut the organ
39
what to do for air filled lungs
Place layers of gauze layering the tissue
40
what solution is used to flush blood from the brain
Ringer's Lactate solution
41
What part of the brain do we use to tie string in a solution of fixative
Circle of Willis
42
ideal time to perform fixation after the interruption of blood supply
20-30 mins
43
formalin + alcohol
Formol Alcohol
44
Tissue must not be immersed for no longer than
60 mins
45
formalin produces a dark pigment which can obscure cellular detail at what pH?
Low pH
46
recommended pH for fixation
6-8 pH
47
What is the ideal osmolality of fixatives
Isotonic
48
What osmolality is used as holding solution for frozen section and kidney biopsy
Isotonic solutin
49
Fixation is retarded by:
- size and thickness of tissue - presence of mucus - presence of fats - presence of blood - cold temp
50
fixation is enhanced by:
- size and thickness of tissue - agitation - heat - concentration and penetration - buffering - time interval
51
what is used to flush mucus before fixation
Normal saline solution
52
what is used to flush blood before fixation
Saline
53
Aldehyde Fixatives
A. Formaldehyde B. 10% Formol Saline C. 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin or Phosphate - Buffered Formalin (pH7) D. Formal-Corrosive (Formal-Sublimate) E. Alcoholic Formalin/ Gendre's Fixative/ Gendre's Fluid F. Glutaraldehyde
54
Aldehyde Fixatives are used in what sections of the lab
- routine paraffin sections - Electron Microscopy - histochemical and enzyme studies
55
cheapest fixative
Formaldehyde
56
Colorless gas commonly available at 37-40% solution in water
Formaldehyde
57
Most widely used fixative in histopatology today
10% Formalin
58
what can 10% formaldehyde preserve?
Lipid
59
what can't 10% formaldehyde preserve?
Carbohydrates
60
Simple microanatomical fixative
10% formol saline
61
10% formol saline is recommended for
- central nervous tissue - genal post-mortem tissue - preserves enzymes and nucleo proteins - demonstrate fat and mucin
62
formula of 10% formol saline
- formadehyde, 40% - NaCl - Distilled H2O
63
fixation time of 10% formol saline at 35C
24 hours
64
fixation time of 10% formol saline at 20-25C
48 hours
65
for preservation and storage of surgical post-mortem and research specimen
10% neutral buffered formalin or phosphate buffered formalin
66
Formula of 10% neutral buffered formalin
- Sodium dihydrogen phosphate - disodium hydrogen phostpahte - formaldehyde 40% - distilled H2O
67
other name for 10% neutral bufferd formalin
Phosphate buffered formalin
68
fixation time for 10% neutral buffered formalin
4-24 hours
69
for routine post mortem tissues
Formal- corrosive or formol- corrosive
70
Fixation for cytological structures and blood cell
Formal - corrosive
71
fixation for neutral fats and phospholipids
Formal - corrosive
72
Other name for formal - corrosive
Formal- sublimate
73
Formula of formal-corrosive fixation
-Saturated aq. Mercuric chloride -formaldehyde 40%
74
fixation time of formal - corrosive
3-24 hours
75
other name of alcoholic formalin
Gendre's Fixative or Gendre's Fluid
76
for glycogen and micro incineration technique
Gendre's fixative
77
Fixative that is also for clearing
Formal - corrosive
78
why is alcoholic formalin recommended for sputum
It coagulates mucus
79
Advantage of alcoholic fixative
- fxation will be reduced1/2 of he typical fixation time - for rapid diagnosis - fixing and dehydrating at the same time
80
Formula of alcoholic formalin
- 95% ethyl alcohol saturated with picric acid - strong formaldehyde solution - glacial acteic acid
81
For electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry
Glutaraldehyde
82
Small tissue fragments and needle biopsy
2.5% sltn
83
Percent of. Concentration for Large tissues less than 4mm thick when using glutaraldehyde
4% solution
84
Fixation time for glutaraldehyde for small specimens
30 mins - 2hrs
85
Fixation time of glutaraldehyde for large tissues
6-8 hours up to 24 hours
86
what nuclear structure does nuclear fixative preserve
chromosome
87
glacial acetic acid destroys cytoplasmic elements such as _
golgi apparatus and mitochondria
88
Preserves mucoploysaccharides
Histochemical fixative
89
NUCLEAR FIXATIVES
- FLEMMING'S FLUID - CARNOY'S FLUID - BOUIN'S FLUID - NEWCOMER'S FLUID - HEIDENHAIN'S SUSA
90
CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES
- FLEMMING'S W/O HAC - KELLY'S FLUID - FORMALIN WITH POST CHROMING - REGAUD'S FLUID (MULLER'S FLUID) - ORTH'S FLUID
91
HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES
- FORMAL SALINE - ABSOLUTE ETHYL ALCOHOL - ACETONE - NEWCOMER'S FLUID
92
form of secondary fixation whereby a primarily fixed tissue is placed in an aqueous solution of 2.5-3% potassium dichromate for 24 hours
post-chromatization
93
process of removing excess fixative from the tissue after fixation in order to improve staining and remove artifacts from the tissues
washing out
94
cross linking reagent
paraformaldehyde

HSTCYT1 (18 decks)

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