STAINING Flashcards
1
Q
process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cells
A
staining
2
Q
purpose of staining
A
- to make the tissue and cell become more visible
- we can easily identify morphological changes in the tissue/cell
- performed to establish the presence of disease
3
Q
higher affinity with basic dye
A
acidic
4
Q
higher affinity with acidic dyes
A
basic
5
Q
tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with dye or staining solution
A
histologic stain
6
Q
producing coloration of the active tissue component
A
histologic staining
7
Q
employed to demonstrate the general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm
A
histologic stains
8
Q
examples of histologic stains
A
- microanatomic stains
- bacterial stains
- specific tissue stains
9
Q
examples of microanatomic stains
A
- hematoxylin and eosin
- Masson’s Trichome
- periodic acid schiff
10
Q
what does hematoxylin stain and what color
A
it stains nucleus blue
11
Q
counterstain of hematoxylin
A
eosin
12
Q
what does eosin stain and what color
A
it stains cytoplasm pink
13
Q
microanatomic stain used for muscle fibers
A
Masson’s Trichome
14
Q
color of Masson’s Trichome
A
red
15
Q
microanatomic stain used for carbohydrate structures
A
Periodic Acid-Schiff
16
Q
color of PAS
A
magenta
17
Q
examples of bacterial stains
A
- gram stain
- Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain
- Giemsa stain
18
Q
color of Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain
A
red
19
Q
counter stain of Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain
A
methylene blue
20
Q
primary stain of Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain
A
Carbon Fucshin
21
Q
to heat fat to be easily penetrated by primary stain
A
Ziehl-Neelsen (Acid-Fast) stain
22
Q
to differentiate blood cells and parasites by simple staining techniques
A
Giemsa stain
23
Q
examples of muscle stains
A
- Gomori Trichome stain
- ATPase stain
24
Q
types of specific tissue stains
A
- muscle stains
- connective tissue stains
- neurologic stains
25
muscle stain that differentiate muscle fibers from connective tissue
Gomori Trichome stain
26
combination of different tissues
Gomori Trichome stain
27
color of muscle fiber and CT in muscle stains
Muscle fibers: red
CT: blue/green
28
muscle stain for enzymatic reaction
ATPase stain
29
types of CT stains
- Van Gieson's stain
- Verhoeff's Elastic Stain
- Mallory's Phosphotungstic Acid hematoxylin (PTAH) stain
30
color of collagen fibers and muscle fibers for Van Gieson's stain
CF- red
MF - yellow
31
CT stain for staining elastic fibers
Verhoeff's Elastic stain
32
color of elastic fibers for Verhoeff's Elastic stain
black
33
color of collagen fibers and muscle fibers for Mallory's Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH) stain
collagen - blue
muscle fibers - red orange
34
types of neurologic stains
- Luxol Fast blue
- Cresyl Violet (Nissl stain)
- Bielschowsky Silver stain
35
neurologic stain for myelin sheath
Luxol Fast blue
36
for staining Nissl bodies
Cresyl Violet (Nissl stain)
37
stain for studying neurodegenerative substances
Bielschowsky Silver stain
38
color of Bielschowsky's Silver stain
Black
39
tisseu constituents are studied through chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance
histochemical staining
40
histochemical staining for hemoglobin
Perl's Prussian blue
41
histochemical staining for carbohydrates
Periodic Acid Shiff
42
part of hemoglobin that is stained
iron/ ferric component of hemoglobin
43
positive color for iron
blue
44
ferric iron is converted to
ferric ferrocyanide
45
detect the activity of alkaline phosphate for bone and liver conditions
alkaline phosphate stain
46
organs utilized in alkaline phosphate stain
- bone, liver, intestine, and placenta
47
demonstarate activity of acid phosphate for bone and prostate gland
acid phosphatase
48
combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated
immunohistochemistry
49
serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye
mordant
50
not part of the chemical reaction but merely accelerates or hasten the speed of staining reaction
accentuator
51
3 applications of mordant
- applied before staining
- added as part of the staining solution
- added to dye sltn itself
52
process fo giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dyes; no mordant is used
direct staining
53
staining reaction is intensified by adding another agent or mordant; mordant is used
indirect staining
54
process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence, and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue element is attained
progressive staining
55
process of selectively removing excess stain from the tissue
differentiator/decolorizer
56
tissue is first over stained to obliterate cellular details, and excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of color is obtained
regressive staining
57
differentiator/ decolorizer is not needed
progressive
58
differentiator/ decolorizer is needed
regressive
59
substance is stained with a color that is the same from that of the dye
orthochromic staining
60
use of specific dye which differentiate particular substance by staining them with a color that is different from that of the stain itself
metachromatic staining
61
employed for staining cartilage, connective tissue, epithelial mucin, mast cell granules and amyloid
metachromatic staining
62
color that is different from that of the stain itself
metachromatia
63
3 methods fo intravital staining
- intravenous
- intraperitonial
- subcutaneous
64
performed by injecting in the living animal's body in the blood stream in vivo
vital staining
65
selective staining of living cell constituents
vital staining
66
doen by injecting the dye into part of the animal body
intravital staining
67
example of intravital staining
- lithium
- carmine
- India ink
68
done by staining living cells immediately after removal from the living body
supravital staining
69
e.g. of supravital staining
- Neutral red
- Janus green
- Trypan Blue
- Nile blue
- Thionine
- Toluidine blue
70
trace cell population and their movement within the body
lithium
71
lysosomes in living organisms
carmine
72
for staining macrophage
India dye
73
for staining lysosomes
neutral red
74
for staining mitochondria
Janus green
75
for staining dead cells separated from living cells and for cell viability
Tryptan Blue
76
for staining fat/lipid droplet
Nile Blue
77
for staining Nissl bodies in neirons
Thionine
78
for staining mast cells
Toluidine blue
79
process where specifci tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metallic saltsa which are thereby reduced by the tissue, producing opaque, usually black deposit on the surface of the tissue
matallic impregnation
80
agent will not be absorbed by the tissue, instead, it is on the surface
metallic impregnation
81
example of metallic impregnation
ammoniacal silver
82
reduced by melanin and intestinal glands
ammoniacal silver
83
obtained from plants and animals previously utilized for dying of wool and cotton
natural dyes
84
where is hematoxylin derived from
Haematoxylum campechianum
85
most valuable staining reagent used in cytology
hematoxylin
86
active coloring reagent/form of hematoxylin
hematin
87
hematoxylin is usually combined with:
Aluminum, iron, chromium, copper, and salts
88
oxidation process of hematoxylin
ripening
89
2 types of ripening
- natural
- artificial
90
type of ripening wherein hematoxylin is exposed in sunlight or air for 3-4 hours
natural
91
type of ripening wherein ripening is accelerated by adding oxidizing agents
artificial
92
examples of oxidizing agents
- H2O2
- mercuric oxide
93
other name for cochineal dyes
carmine
94
cochnieal dyes are old histologic dye extracted from the female Cochineal bug called
Coccus cacti
95
treated with aluminum to produce the dye carmine
Cochineal dye
96
a powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear preparation
Cochineal dye
97
2 solution of cochineal dye
- Picrocarmine
- Best Carmine
98
composition of picrocarmine
picric acid + cochineal dye/carmine
99
composition of best carmine
aluminum chloride + cochineal dye/carmine
100
cochineal dye that is for neuropathologic samples
picrocarmine
101
cochineal dye for glycogen
Best Carmine
102
vegetable dye from certain lichens which are normally colorless, but which, when treated with ammonia and exposed to alkali to produce blue or violet color
orcein
103
used for staining elastic fibers
orcein
104
used as spice from a stigma of the plant
safron
105
flower from which safron is harvested from
Crocus sativus
106
artificial dye is also known as
Coal Tar dyes
107
derived from the hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as Aniline dye
artificial dye
108
artificial dyes are derived from the hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as
aniline dye
109
composition of artificial dye
- chromophore
- auxochrome
110
color bearer/coloring property composition of Artificial dye
chromophore
111
increaser/dyeing property of artificial dye
auxochrome
112
composition of chromogen
benzene and chromophore
113
sltn that can impart color temporarily
chromogen
114
gives dyeing property of dye making it permanent
auaxochrome
115
active coloring agent is found in the acid acomponent and the inactive base
acid dyes
116
example of acid dye
picric acid
117
active coloring substance is found in a basic component that combines with acid radical
basic dyes
118
example of basic dye
methylene blue
119
formed by combining aq solutions of acid and basic dyes, capable of staining cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially
neutral dyes
120
counter stain for cytoplasmic staining which is red in color
- Eosin Y
- Eosin B
- Phloxine B
121
counter stain for cytoplasmic staining which is yellow in color
- Picric acid
- Orange G
- Rose Bengal
122
counter stain for cytoplasmic staining which is green in color
- Light Green SF
- Lissamine green
123
counter stain for Nuclear staining which is color red
- Neutral Red
- Safranin O
- Carmine
- Hematoxylin
124
counter stain for Nuclear staining which is color blue
- methylene blue
- toluidine blue
- celestine blue
