AMINO ACIDS (LECTURE)

Question 1

Are organic compounds that serve as the BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS, which are essential for numerous biological processes in the human body.

Answer 1

Amino acids

Question 2

Amino acids consist of (5)

Answer 2

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur

Question 3

Each amino acid has 3 group that determines its properties
1. (-NH2)
2. (-COOH)
3. (R-group)

Answer 3

Amine group
Carboxyl group
Side chain (R-group)

Question 4

TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
1. cannot be synthesized by the body; must be obtained from diet (e.g. , leucine, valine, lysine)
2. Synthesized by the body (e.g., glycine, alanine, glutamine)
3. Required in certain conditions like illness or stress (e.g., arginine, cysteine)

Answer 4

Essential amino acid
Non-essential amino acid
Conditionally essential amino acid

Question 5

ROLE OF FUNCTIONS
1. Amino acids combine to form PEPTIDES and PROTEINS which are crucial for muscle growth, tissue repair, enzyme production and immune function

2. Many enzymes and hormones (e.g., insulin, growth hormone) are made from amino acids

Answer 5

Protein synthesis
Enzyme and hormone production

Question 6

ROLES OF FUNCTIONS
3. when carbohydrates are scarce, amino acids can be metabolized for energy (___)

4. Amino acids like ___ (precursor to serotonin) and ___ (precursor to dopamine, adrenaline) regulate mood, sleep and stress response

Answer 6

Energy source
gluconeogenesis
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Trytophan
TYROSINE

Question 7

ROLES OF FUNCTION
5. are proteins made from amino acids that fight infections
• ___ nasa loob ng katawan
• ___ the body produce antibodies to fight the disease (added protection)

6. The proteins that transport oxygen while others carry lipids, vitamins and minerals
7. Act as buffers, helping regulate blood and cellular pH

Answer 7

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Passive
Induce
Hemoglobin
Amino acids

Question 8

ROLES OF FUNCTION
8. Amino acids like CYSTEINE help produce ___, a key antioxidant that removes toxins

9. COLLAGEN from ___, ___ strengthens skin, tendons, and bones; keratin supports hair and nails

Answer 8

Glutathione
Glycine
Proline

Question 9

SOURCES

CONTAIN ALL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Meat
Fish
Eggs
Dairy
Quinoa
Soy

Answer 9

Complete proteins

Question 10

SOURCES

LACK SOME ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Beans
Nuts
Grains

Answer 10

Incomplete proteins

Question 11

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
KEY FUNCTIONS

• Needed for growth, tissue repair, neurotransmitter (histamine) production

• Meat, fish, poultry, dairy, grains

Answer 11

Histidine

Question 12

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• muscle metabolism, immune function, energy regulation

• Eggs, soy, cheese, fish, meat

Answer 12

Isoleucine (BCAA)

Question 13

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Stimulates muscle protein synthesis, regulates blood and sugar

• Beef, chicken, peanuts, len tils

Answer 13

Leucine (BCAA)

Question 14

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Collagen formation, calcium absorption, antiviral properties

• Fish, eggs, beans, quinoa

Answer 14

Lysine

Question 15

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Antioxidant (precursor to cysteine), detoxification, fat metabolism

• Brazil nuts, eggs, seeds, meat

Answer 15

Methionine

Question 16

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, tyrosine

• Soy, cheese, nuts, seeds

Answer 16

Phenylalanine

Question 17

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Supports immune system, collagen/elastin production

• Cottage chesse, lentils, fish

Answer 17

Threonine

Question 18

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, tyrosine

• Soy, cheese, nuts,seeds

Answer 18

Phenylalanine

Question 19

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• serotonin/melatonin precursor (regulates mood and sleep)

• Turkey, milk, bananas, oats

Answer 19

Trytophan

Question 20

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
• Muscle repair, energy production, nervous system function

• Mushrooms, grains, dairy, meat

Answer 20

Valine (BCAA)

Question 21

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Glucose metabolism, immune support

• meat, eggs, fish, dairy
• produce ANTIBODIES of the body

Answer 21

Alanine

Question 22

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• nitric oxide production (blood flow) wound healing

• Red meat, nuts, seeds, seafood

Answer 22

Arginine

Question 23

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• Nervous system function, ammonia detoxification

• Dairy, beef, poultry, asparagus

Answer 23

Asparagine

Question 24

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

• neurotransmitter, energy production (KREB’S CYCLE)

• Oysters, lentils, soy

Answer 24

Aspartic acid

Question 25

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • antioxidant (glutathione synthesis) skin/hair health • Garlic, onions, broccoli, poultry

Answer 25

Cysteine

Question 26

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • Neurotransmitter (learning and memory) • Soy sauce, tomatoes, cheese

Answer 26

Glutamic acid

Question 27

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • gut health, immune support, muscle recovery • Cabbage, spinach, beef

Answer 27

Glutamine

Question 28

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • collagen synthesis, brain function, detox • Bone broth, gelatin, spinach

Answer 28

Glycine

Question 29

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • skin/joint health (collagen components) • Egg whites, cabbage, mushrooms

Answer 29

Proline

Question 30

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • Fat metabolism, antibody production • Soy, nuts, eggs, meat

Answer 30

Serine

Question 31

NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS • Dopamine/adrenaline precursor (stress and focus) • Cheese, soy, chicken, almonds

Answer 31

Tyrosine

Question 32

Under certain conditions (illness, stress, intense exercise) some non-essential amino acids become essential because the body can't produce enough

Answer 32

Conditional amino acids

Question 33

CONDITIONAL AMINO ACIDS • ____ needed during injury/infection • ____ required if methionine intake is low • ____ Critical for gut healing and immune stress • ____ important during prolonged stress (Ex. If magkaroon ng sudden exam, ito ang nar-release)

Answer 33

Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Tyrosine

Question 34

AMINO ACID STRUCTURE 1. Act as a BASE; can accept proton (H+) 2. Acts as an ACID; can donate a proton (H+) 3. A single hydrogen bonded to the central carbon 4. Varies for each amino acid and determines its UNIQUE PROPERTIES (e.g., polar, nonpolar, acidic, basic)

Answer 34

Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrogen atom R-group (Side chain)

Question 35

A molecule that has a positive and negative charges, but is overall electrically neutral. This is especially important in amino acids, which commonly exist as zwitterions in biological systems

Answer 35

Zwitterion

Question 36

When the pH turns -7.4 the AMINO GROUP (-NH2) ___ a proton and becomes -NH3 (___charge) The ___ group (-COOH) loses a proton and becomes (___) negative charge So the amino acid has both charges, but the net charge is __

Answer 36

Gains Positive Carboxyl -COO Zero

Question 37

Zwitterion explain (See-saw) • One child represents the positive charge (AMINO GROUP) • the other represents the negative charge (CARBOXYL GROUP) • the seesaw is perfectly balanced–this is the zwitterion state

Question 38

ZWITTERION IMPORTANCE • ZWITTERION are ____ in water, which is crucial for amino acids to function in the body • Zwitterion help maintain ___ balance in cells and tissues • Zwitterion ___ influence how proteins fold and interact • ____nature affects how amino acid are transported across cell membrane

Answer 38

Highly soluble pH Charge properties Zwitterionic

Question 39

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (9)

Answer 39

Histidine Methionine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Trytophan Valine

Question 40

CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS (6)

Answer 40

Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glycine Proline Tyrosine

Question 41

Non-essential amino acids (7)

Answer 41

Alanine Aspartic acid Asparagine Glutamic acid Serine Selenocysteine Pyrolysine

Question 42

The difference between polar and non polar amino acids lies in the nature of their ____ which affects how they interact with water and other molecules

Answer 42

side chains (R groups),

Question 43

An amino acid that • Have SIDE CHAINS that can form hydrogen bonds • HYDROPHILIC (water loving) - they interact well with water • Often contain OXYGEN, NITROGEN or SULFUR atoms in their side chain • Found on the OUTSIDE PROTEINS, where they can interact with aqueous environment

Answer 43

Polar Amino acids

Question 44

An amino acids that • Have side chains that are mostly HYDROCARBONS • HYDROPHOBIC (water fearing) - do not interact well with water • Tend to CLUSTER in the INTERIOR of proteins, away from water

Answer 44

Non polar amino acids

Question 45

Ribosomes (precursor of proteins) was made in the nucleus, will be synthesized by the ____, together with ____it will be distribute in a form of ____, that will serve as the energy source inside the cells.

Answer 45

endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles