PEPTIDE BONDS Flashcards
(23 cards)
Are chemical bonds that link amino acids together in a chain, forming proteins.
• They are essential for the structure and functions of proteins in the body
Peptide bonds
Peptide bonds are formed through a ? It is also known as CONDENSATION REACTION
- chemical process kung saan, may dalawang molecules na nagdidikit at nilalabas ang isang molecule, mostly water (para syang puzzle na tinatanggal ang water para makabuo ng mas malaking molecule)
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical process where two molecules are joined together with the removal of a water molecule.
• This reaction is essential for forming various biological macromolecules, including PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES and NUCLEIC ACID
Dehydration synthesis
Two molecules with functional groups that can react with eact other.
• In the case of peptide bond formation, these are AMINO ACIDS
Reactants
Each amino acid has an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
- molecule na nagbibigay ng specific na chemical properties (personality ng molecule)
Functional groups
During the reaction of molecule of water (H20) what is being removed (2)
- From the carboxyl group of one amino acid
- From the amino group of the other amino acid
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
Hydrogen atom
It is formed between the carbon atom of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen atom of the amino group
Peptide bond (-CO-NH-)
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS FOR PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION
ACTIVATION: the amino acids are activated, often involving ATP in biological systems
- para magbuo ang peptide bonds, kailangan munang i-activate ang amino acids, nangyayari gamit ang ATP
ORIENTATION: the amino acids are oriented so that the carboxyl group of one is near the amino group of the other
- kailangang tama ang pwesto ng amino acids , ang carboxyl group ay dapat malapit sa amino group
REACTION: the carboxyl group loses a hydroxyl group (-OH) and the amino group loses a hydrogen atom (H)
- ang carboxyl group ay mawawalan ng hydroxyl (-OH)
- ang amino group ay mawawalan ng hydrogen (H)
WATER RELEASES: the -OH and H combine to form a water molecule (H2O) Which is released
- ang -OH at H na natanggal ay magsasama para makabuo ng H2O (water)
PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION: The carbon atom of carboxyl group forms a covalent bond with the nitrogen atom of the amino group, creating a peptide bond
- ang carbon ng carboxyl ay magkakaroon ng covalent bond sa nitrogen ng amino group, dito nabubuo ang peptide bond
SIGNIFICANCES OF DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
- ___ Essential for linking amino acids to form polypeptide and proteins
- ___ join monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides
- ___ links nucleotides to form DNA and RNA
Protein synthesis
Carbohydrate formation
Nucleic acid formation
FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
1. ___ The building block of proteins, each has an amino group(-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
- ___ when two amino acids come together, the carboxyl group of one amino acids reacts with amino group of another
- ___ a molecule of water (H20) is released, and a peptide bond (-CO-NH-) Is formed between the carbon atom of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen atom of the amino group
Amino acids
Dehydration synthesis
Bond formation
ROLE OF PEPTIDE BONDS
1. ____ They link amino acids to form polypeptide and proteins, which are vital for the structure and function of cells
2.____many enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical formation
- ____ some peptides act as hormones or neurotransmitter, playing key roles in communication between cells
- ____ antibodies are proteins that help defend body against pathogens
Protein structure
Enzyme function
Cell signaling
Immune response
TYPES OF PEPTIDE BONDS
- Two amino acids linked by a single peptide bond
- Short chains of amino acids (typically 2-20)
- Longer chains of amino acids, which can fold into functional proteins
Dipeptide
Oligopeptides
Polypeptide
The monomers that make up proteins. There are ___ different amino acids that can be combined in various sequences to form proteins
Amino acids
20
Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The sequence and number of amino acids determine the protein’s structure and function
Proteins
IDENTIFICATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
• CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: Techniques like ___ and ___
• STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: ___ and ___ (NMR) can reveal the structure of proteins and the presence of peptide bonds
Chromatography
Mass spectrometry
X-ray crystallography
Nuclear magnetic resonance
SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE BONDS
TRANSCRIPTION: DNA is transcribed into ___
TRANSLAT: ___read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids in the correct order, forming peptide bonds between them
mRNA
Ribosomes
STEP BY STEP FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
- TRANSCRIPTION
• Location: ___
• Process: DNA is transcribed into messenger ___. This carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs
Nucleus
mRNA
STEP BY STEP FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
2. Translation
• Location: ___ (found in cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum)
• Process: Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and translate into a sequence of amino acids. This involves several key steps
Ribosome
KEY STEPS IN RIBOSOMES FOR FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
A. ___
• mRNA binding: the mRNA binds to the small subunit of tge ribosomes
• The ribosomes identifies the ____ (AUG) on the mRNA, which signals the beginning of protein synthesis
Initiation
Start codon
KEY STEPS IN RIBOSOMES FOR FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
B. ___
• ___ molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome. Each has an ANTICODON that matches the codon on the mRNA
• The ribosomes catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. T
Elongation
tRNA
PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION STEPS:
1. AMINO ACID ADDITION: the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the ___ (___) is transferred to the amino acid on the tRNA in the ___ (___)
- A ___ is formed between the carboxyl group of the amino acid in the P site and the amino group of the amino acid in the A site
- the ___ moves along the mRNA, shifting the tRNA from the A site to the P site, and the process repeats
P site
Peptidyl site
A site
Aminoacyl site
STEP BY STEP FORMATION OF PEPTIDE BONDS
C. ___
• When the ribosomes reaches a ___ (UAA, UAG, UGA) the process of elongation ends
• The newly synthesized ___ is released from the ribosomes
Termination
Stop codon
Synthesized polypeptide
SUMMARY
___ is a complex process involving transcription in the nucleus and translation in the ribosomes.
___ play a crucial role in reading mRNA and catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, resulting in synthesis of proteins
Peptide bond formation
Ribosomes
