1. Inner cellular layer (chondrogenic) 2. Outer fibrous layer surrounds cartilage (except on articular surface)

ANATOMY (Cartilage and Bone) Flashcards by Danielle Groenendijk

Connective tissue fibers:

Collagenous fibers (20 types)
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
-each connective tissue will have 3 fibers
*produced inside the fibroblasts

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Collagen fibers:

-most common
-more than 20 types
-fibril forming (Type I, II, III, V, XI)
-fibril anchoring (Type IX, XII, XIV)
-anchoring fibril forming (Type VII)
-networking forming (Type IV)

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Reticular fibers:

-fibril forming collagen (Type III)
-singular collagen fiber

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Elastic fibers:

-stretchable (elastin and fibrillin)

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Fascia:

-loose irregular connective tissue

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Aponeurosis:

-dense irregular connective tissue
*when need more strength

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Tendons and ligaments:

-dense regular connective tissues
-runs in ONE direction
-prevents pulling

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Cartilage:

-pliable and firm matrix
-considerable tensile strength
Ex. trachea: use cartilage to maintain the shape and keep it open

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Properties of cartilage:

-avascular: no blood (no bleeding)
-alymphatic: no lymph
-aneural: no nerves (no pain)

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Cartilage cells:

-chondroblasts
-chondrocytes

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Chondroblasts:

-located at periphery of growing cartilage
-oval basophilic cell located in a lucuna
-dividing cell and forms matrix

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Chondrocytes:

-elongated to spherical cell
-glycogen and lipid droplets in older chondrocytes
-fill lacunae in living state, but have artifactual space in fixed tissue

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Cartilage matrix:

-ground amorphous substances (GAGs) and fibers
-mainly type II collagen fibers (Type I collagen in fibrocartilage)
-proteoglycans
-aggrecan

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Proteoglycans:

-bind to collagen to create sieves

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Aggrecan:

-formed by binding of proteoglycans to hyaluronic acid
>role in transporting water and electrolytes

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GAGs:

-7 types
-non-sulfated GAG (hyaluronic acid: present in cartilage)
-sulfated GAGs (3 present in cartilage)

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Perichondrium:

Inner cellular layer (chondrogenic)
Outer fibrous layer
*surrounds cartilage (except on articular surface)

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Classification of cartilage:

-based on type of fibers in matrix
>hyaline cartilage
>elastic cartilage
>fibrocartilage

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Hyaline cartilage:

-firm gel with type II collagen fibers
>have some refractive index as ground substance, so NOT visible
-periphery: small chondrocytes
-deep part: large and polyhedral chondrocytes
-sometimes 2,4 or more chondrocytes per lacuna

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Hyaline cartilage location:

-everywhere in body
-80-90%
-cover articulate service of bone or embedded within tissues (ex. trachea)

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Small chondrocytes: hyaline cartilage

-in elliptical lacunae running parallel to surface

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Elastic cartilage:

-located where elasticity and rigidity are needed
-only few elastic fibers near perichondrium
-dense network of elastic fibers within deeper part
-greater variation in size of lacunae than hyaline cartilage

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Elastic cartilage location:

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*purpose to make it more flexible
-ear
-epiglottis

Fibrocartilage:

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-least frequent occurrence
-type I collagen fibers are present in the matrix (visible with routine stains)
-rows of small lacunae with chondrocytes parallel to collagen bundles
-amorphous matrix close to lacunae

Fibrocartilage lacks:

-cellular chondrogenic layer of perichondrium

Fibrocartilage location:

-between a tendon and a cartilage Ex. vertebral disks and stifle joint

Development of cartilage:

-embryological origin from mesenchymal cells -cell (chondroblasts) cluster as center of chondrification -secrete amorphous substance and Type II collagen (increased matrix)

Increased matrix:

-leads to isolation of chondrocytes

During development growth of cartilage can occur by:

-interstitial growth -appositional growth

Nutrition of cartilage:

-avascular: nutrition by diffusion >from capillaries outside the perichondrium >from synovial fluid >vascular channels penetrate if cartilage is thicker than 3mm

Bone:

-dynamic tissue (constant renewal and remodeling) -vascular -contain bone marrow in medullary

Bone cells and fibers:

-embedded in hard unbending mineralized matrix

Bone cells:

-osteoblasts -osteocyte -osteoclast

Osteoblast:

-active formation and mineralization of matrix -deposits osteoid (collagen I and proteoglycans) -located near surfaces (flattened to columnar cell) -basally located nucleus -basophilic cytoplasm (prominent rER and golgi)

Mineralization:

1. Secretory vesicles in osteoblasts 2. Released matrix vesicles and collagen fibers 3. Early mineralization around vesicles 4. Matrix becoming confluent

Osteoblasts to osteocytes:

-osteoblasts surround themselves by osteoid and change to osteocytes

Osteocyte:

-principal cell in mature bone -essential for preserving bone structure -lesser rER and golgi than osteoblast -more lysosomes -resides in lacuna and extend process through canaliculi -removes and replaces perilacunar bone (up to 1microm meter)

Osteoclasts:

-large (40-100 micrometer) -multinucleated (15-30) -on surface of bone -resorb bone -ruffled borders in activated cells (ie. Infoldings) -secrete acid and lysosomal enzymes

Resorb bone: osteoclasts:

-create resorption bays: Howship lacunae

Bone matrix:

-osteoid -collagen fibers course spirally in each lamella of osteon -osteoid mineralization: store house of calcium and phosphorous

Osteoid: bone matrix

-type I collagen and ground substance

Osteoid mineralization

-by deposition of needle-like hydroxyapatite crystals between collagen fibers >are mobilized when needed

Macroscopic structure of bone:

-epiphyses -diaphysis -medullary cavity -physis and metaphysis

Epiphyses:

-at both extremities -spongy bone covered by articular cartilage

Diaphysis:

-shaft of the bone -compact bone containing a medullary cavity -covered by periosteum and lined by endosteum

Medullary cavity:

-young animals: filled with red bone marrow -adults: yellow bone marrow

Physis and metaphysis:

-hyaline cartilage -growth plate -separates the epiphysis and diaphysis in growing animals

Microscopic structure of bone:

-decalcified bone (ground preparation) -osteons -central and perforating canals -periosteum

Osteons:

-central (haversian)canal -concentric or haversian lamellae -lacunae located between concentric lamellae -interstitial lamellae -outer and inner circumferential lamellae -perforating (Volkman’s canal)

Periosteum:

-anchored to outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae by perforating fibers -inner osteogenic layer -outer fibrous layer

Inner osteogenic layer: periosteum

-more prominent in young

Outer fibrous layer (periosteum)

-dense -irregular connective tissue

Bone differences from cartilage:

-presence of canalicular system -direct vascular supply

Structural and functional characteristics of bone:

-unique lacunar-canalicular system for nutrition -canaliculi travel from one lacuna to another and to bone surface to open in connective tissue close to capillaries -no osteocyte more than 100 micrometre away from a capillary

Cartilage take away:

-bendable but firm -no bleeding -no pain -contains perichondrium, chondroblasts, chondrocytes in lacunae and matrix -three types: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

Bone take away:

-hard and vascular -dynamic tissue (osteoid and minerals) -contains osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts -compact bone

Compact bone take away:

-arranged in osteons, interstitial and circumferential lamellae -lined by periosteum and endosteum

ANATOMY (Cartilage and Bone) Flashcards

(57 cards)