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VET YEAR ONE > ANATOMY (Development of MSK System) > Flashcards

ANATOMY (Development of MSK System) Flashcards

1
Q

Musculoskeletal system (MSK) consists of:

A

-bones
-cartilage
-muscles
-ligaments
-tendons

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2
Q

Main functions of MSK:

A

-support the body
-provision of motion
-protection of vital organs (brain, viscera)
-main storage system for calcium and phosphorus

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3
Q

Early germ layer derivatives:

A

-particular pole of the blastocyst differentiates into embryonic disc (epiblast)
>beginning of gastrulation

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4
Q

3 germ layers:

A

-ectoderm: epiblast, blue, ex. skin
-mesoderm: cells that enter, orange/red, ex. muscle
-endoderm: cells on bottom, yellow, ex. GI system

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5
Q

Somitogenesis:

A

-development of somites
-each somite differentiates into three components
>scleratome
>dermamyotome

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6
Q

Scleratome:

A

-part of each somite in a vertebrate embryo giving rise to bone or other skeletal tissues
-‘loose cells’

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7
Q

Dermamyotome:

A

-dermatome
-myotome

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8
Q

Neural crest cells:

A

-in cross-sections of the fusing neural folds into the neural tube
-cells at the crest of the folds begin to detach

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9
Q

Osteogenesis requires mesenchyme:

A

-derived from various parts
>scleratomal part of somites
>lateral plate
>ectodermal neural crest

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10
Q

Mesenchyme:

A

-star shaped cells that form the bulk of interstitial
-‘glue’
-surrounds the cells and helps anchor them
-can develop into a variety of cells

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11
Q

Scleratomal part of somites (mesenchyme):

A

-gives rise to segmented axial column
>vertebral column
>ribs
>sternum

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12
Q

Lateral plate (mesenchyme):

A

-gives rise to appendicular skeleton
>limbs and respective girdles

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13
Q

Ectodermal neural crest (mesenchyme):

A

-gives rise to facial bones and bones that cover the brain

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14
Q

Gross observation of bone:

A

-compact bone
-cancellous or spongy bone
*both have same histological components
*both have two types of organization

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15
Q

Compact bone:

A

-dense areas without cavities
-80% of bone mass

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16
Q

Cancellous or spongy bone:

A

-areas of bone (struts or rods) with interconnecting cavities
-20% of bone mass

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17
Q

2 types of bong organization:

A

-during development: woven bone
-in adults: lamellar bone

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18
Q

During development: bone organization

A

-primarily, immature or woven bone
-randomly arranged matrix components (ex. cells, collagen)

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19
Q

In adults: bone organization

A

-secondary, mature or lamellar bone is present
-discrete sheets or layers of matrix

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20
Q

Intramembranous or desmal ossification:

A

-direct conversion of mesenchymal cells into bone
Ex. blastema

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21
Q

Blastema example:

A

-skull neural-crest derived mesenchymal cells divide and then coalesce into compact groups or aggregates

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22
Q

Osteoblast formation:

A

-some mesenchymal cells develop into osteoblasts

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23
Q

Osteoblast function:

A

-secrete osteoid
-become osteocytes

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24
Q

Osteoid:

A

-an extracellular matrix of collagen and proteoglycan that bind calcium
>become calcified

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25
Osteocytes:
-when osteoblasts are surrounded by calcified osteoid
26
Periosteum:
-formed by compact layers of mesenchymal cells -a membrane of cells that surround bone
27
Developing bone becomes:
-vascularized -collagen fibers disorganized -periosteum surrounding both sides -many osteocytes *woven bone >will then get reorganized on outer edges
28
Endochondral bone formation:
-involves mesenchymal cells first differentiating into cartilage then later replacing it with bone Ex. long bones
29
Endochondral bone found in:
-vertebral column -ribs -pelvis -limbs
30
Long bone formation:
1. Cartilage model or framework 2. Matrix begins to calcify 3. Periosteal/osteogenic bud 4. Secondary ossification centre 5. Cartilage continues in two regions (in epiphyses)
31
Cartilage model or framework
-formed and then the bone collar develops in local perichondrium (via local intramembranous bone formation)
32
Bone collar:
-hollow bone cylinder -periosteum
33
Matrix begins to calcify:
-in middle of cartilage framework (diaphysis), chondrocytes hypertrophy >begin to produce matrix, degenerate and matrix begins to calcify
34
Periosteal/osteogenic bud:
-capillaries -osteoprogenitor cells (form osteoblasts) -mesenchymal cells *invades they hypertrophied cartilage >bud grows and lays down compact bone in shaft=primary ossification center is produced
35
Secondary ossification centre:
-develops at each end of the cartilage framework called epiphysis
36
Cartilage continues in two regions:
-articular cartilage -epiphyseal cartilage
37
Vertebral column:
-notochord -vertebrae
38
Notochord:
-induces surrounding mesenchyme to secrete epimorphin -coalesce and differentiate into cartilage
39
Epimorphin:
-secreted from mesenchyme -a chemoattractant for scleratomal cells to move around notochord and neural tube
40
Scleratome cells form vertebra:
-split into populations >loosely packed cranial segment >densely packed caudal segment
41
Vertebral development:
-occurs through process of re-segmentation
42
Re-segmentation:
-caudal half of one sclerotome joins with cranial half of the next to form the centrum or body of vertebrae -enables motor neurons to grow out laterally and innervate newly forming muscles form myotome
43
Vertebral ossification:
-endochondral ossification >from centres of the vertebral body and arches
44
Ribs:
-arise from segmental sclerotome-derived mesenchymal condensations beside thoracic vertebrae
45
3D coordinate system of the limb:
-need positional information to construct the limb >proximal-distal >anterior-posterior >dorsal-ventral
46
Limb field:
-all cells in an area that can form a limb on their own
47
Limb development starts when:
-mesenchyme cells migrate from the limb fields in the: >lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors) >somites (limb muscle precursors)
48
Limb extends due to:
-signalling in AER >*gradients of retinoic acid and FGFs occur
49
FGFs:
-fibroblast growth factors
50
Gradients of retinoic acid and FGFs:
-stimulate the regional expression of Hox genes and the patern of the limb >stylopod >zeugopod >autopod
51
Stylopod:
-humerus/femur
52
Zeugopod:
-radius/ulna -tibia/fibula
53
Autopod:
-carpals/fingers -tarsals/toes
54
Dermatome:
-forms dermis of skin
55
Myotome:
-will produce precursor myoblast cells that will give rise to Epaxial and Hypaxial muscles
56
Epaxial muscles:
-intercostal -deep muscles of back
57
Hypaxial muscles:
-body wall -limbs -tongue
58
Canals within cartilage:
-form from the perichondrium around the region >contain venules, arterioles and nerve fibers *osteogenic cells supplied
59
Cartilage canals from the perichondrium:
-supply the osteogenic cells to the area *long bone epiphyseal cartilage *prepubertal period
60
Epiphyseal cartilage: prepubertal period 5 zones
1. Resting zone 2. Proliferative zone 3. Hypertrophic zone 4. Resorption zone 5. Ossification zone
61
Resting zone:
-non-proliferative chondrocytes -stem cell population
62
Proliferative zone:
-stacked columns of chondrocytes that divide
63
Hypertrophic zone:
-containing large chondrocytes
64
Resorption zone:
-dying chondrocytes -resorption/calcification of cartilage matrix
65
Ossification zone:
-new bone tissue formed by osteoblasts >produce osteoid over remnants of calcified cartilaginous matrix which will become ossified
66
Adult bones:
-Haversian canal -osteon -Volkmann’s canals -lacunae with canaliculi
67
Haversian canal:
-collagen fibres in parallel or concentrically around vascular canal >interstitial lamellae
68
Osteon:
-whole complex of lamellae with canal contain blood vessels and nerves
69
Volkmann’s canals:
-connect Haversian canals
70
Lacunae with canaliculi:
-between lamellae -connect to Haversian canal >nutrition and communication *contain osteocytes
71
Lacunae with osteocytes:
-want to keep osteocytes as near to capillaries as possible
72
Cortical compact bone remodelling
1. Starts at leading edge (cutting edge) 2. Reversal zone 3. Closing zone
73
Cutting edge:
-where cortical compact bone remodelling starts -where the osteoclasts break down existing bone
74
Reversal zone:
-switch from resorption to formation of new bone begins involving osteoblasts
75
Closing zone:
-where osteoblasts build new lamellae
76
Spongy bone remodelling:
-osteoclasts work on endosteal surface to break down matrix -osteoblasts form endosteal surface then add more bone on same or opposite regions
77
Fracture leads to:
-blood clots -osteocytes die on each side of fracture
78
Fracture repair:
-callus needs to form -osteogenic cells -new osteons laid down -original structure restored
79
Callus needs to form:
-periosteal and endosteal cells -internal and external callus
80
Internal callus:
-between opposing sides of fracture
81
External callus:
-around outer broken surface if ends move (other only internal callus)
82
Osteogenic cells near blood supply (fracture repair):
-form bone directly
83
Osteogenic cells away from blood supply (fracture repair):
-form cartilage first, then remodel to bone *osteogenic cells/capillaries from living bone can invade any dead bone with help of osteoclasts

VET YEAR ONE (108 decks)

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