FORM & FUNCTION (Tissues)

Question 1

Association of acinar-myoepithelial-ductal cells:

Answer 1

1. Basal lamina: outer layer of all three
2. Myoepithelial cells: outside of acinus and intercalated duct
3. Acinus
   -Acinar cells
   -Lumen of acinus
   *acinus to intercalated duct to striated duct

Question 2

Merocine glands:

Answer 2

-exocrine gland
-also called eccrine
-secretion via the exocytosis of materials stored in vesicles
Ex. pancreatic acinar cells

Question 3

Apocrine glands:

Answer 3

-secretory vesicles pinches off the cell surface
Ex. mammary glands, sweat glands

Question 4

Holocrine:

Answer 4

-entire cell contents are released
Ex. sebaceous glands

Question 5

Endocrine and paracrine glands:

Answer 5

-no ducts
-secrete contents into the connective tissue
-secretion carried by blood or lymph (endocrine) or act on adjacent cells (paracrine)
>or both modes could be used by the secretion

Question 6

Cytocrine:

Answer 6

-secretion of contents from one cell into cytoplasm of another
>phagocytosis of the tips of the melanocyte
Ex. melanocytes transfer melanin into the cytoplasm of keratinocytes

Question 7

Macroautophagy:

Answer 7

-degradation of melanin
>lighter skin=more rapid
>darker skin=slower

Question 8

Connective tissue:

Answer 8

-connect other tissues
-provides framework and support
-helps in defense mechanism
-acts as a reservoir of hormones and cytokines
-assist in growth, development, repair and storage
*highly vascularized

Question 9

Connective tissue origin

Answer 9

-mesodermal

Question 10

Connective tissue composed of:

Answer 10

-cells
-fibers
-amorphous ground substance

Question 11

Types of connective tissue:

Answer 11

-embryonic (mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue)
-adult/connective tissue proper

Question 12

Embryonic connective tissue: Mesenchyme

Answer 12

-present primarily in the embryo
-gives rise to adult connective tissue (including blood)
-irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells and amorphous ground substance

Question 13

Embryonic connective tissue: Mucous/Gelatinous

Answer 13

-Wharton’s jelly (in the umbilical cord)
-stellate fibroblasts
-viscous, gel-like ground substance that contains collagen and proteoglycans

Question 14

Connective tissue proper

Answer 14

-in adult organisms
-classified based on nature of components and/or abundance of cells/materials

Question 15

Connective tissue proper types:

Answer 15

1. Loose
2. Dense
   -Irregular
   -Regular
3. Elastic
4. Reticular
5. Adipose

Question 16

Specialized connective tissues:

Answer 16

-cartilage
-bone
-blood
-lymph

Question 17

Cells:

Answer 17

-resident
-wandering

Question 18

Resident cells:

Answer 18

-relatively stable
-move less/exhibit no movement
Ex. fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, macrophages, adipose cells, mast cells, mesenchymal stem cells

Question 19

Wandering cells:

Answer 19

-have migrated to the tissue from the blood in response to specific stimuli
>not always there
Ex. lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

Question 20

Fibers:

Answer 20

-present in varying amounts
-produced by fibroblasts
-proteins made of long peptide chains

Question 21

Structural fibers types:

Answer 21

-collagen fibers
-reticular fibers
-elastic fibers

Question 22

Collagen fibers:

Answer 22

-principal fiber
-made of collagen (over 27 types)
-most abundant
-provides tensile strength

Question 23

Reticular fibers:

Answer 23

-forms network around muscle, nerve and adipose tissue
-forms a main part of the basement membrane
-individual type 1 collagen

Question 24

Elastic fibers:

Answer 24

-made of elastin and fibrillin
-provides elasticity

Question 25

Fibrous adhesive proteins:

Answer 25

-fibronectin and laminin *bind structural fibers together and form the matrix

Question 26

Ground substance:

Answer 26

-cells and fibers are embedded in it -amorphous -hydrate gel, due to high water content -part of ECM

Question 27

Ground substance contains:

Answer 27

-glycosaminoglycans -proteoglycans -plasma constituents -metabolites -water -ions

Question 28

Extra-cellular matrix (ECM):

Answer 28

-forms a structural support that surrounds the connective tissue cells

Question 29

ECM components:

Answer 29

-ground substance -fibers (made of collagen and elastin)

Question 30

Loose connective tissue:

Answer 30

-most widely found in adult animals -composed of both resident and wandering cells -cells are more abundant -all three fiber types are present

Question 31

Loose connective tissue primarily found:

Answer 31

-beneath the epithelia that cover the body cavities -areas where foreign particles come in contact with tissues Ex. lamina propria

Question 32

Lamina propria:

Answer 32

-underneath the respiratory and GI epithelium -loose connective tissue with large number of immune cells

Question 33

Dense connective tissue:

Answer 33

-more fibers and ground substance than cells -irregular and regular

Question 34

Dense irregular:

Answer 34

-random orientation of collagen fiber bundles -found in GI tract, pleura, spleen, liver, kidney, testis, etc.

Question 35

Dense regular:

Answer 35

-fibers oriented in a regular pattern/same direction -found in collagenous tendons and ligaments

Question 36

Elastic CT:

Answer 36

-abundance of elastic fibers that branch an interconnect -fibers are surrounded by loose connective tissue Ex. elastic ligaments

Question 37

Reticular BT:

Answer 37

-composed of stellate reticular cells -complex 3D network of reticular fibers >’holds’ the cells in place Ex. stroma of lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph node, thymus, etc.)

Question 38

Adipose tissue types:

Answer 38

-white adipose tissue -brown adipose tissue

Question 39

White adipose tissue:

Answer 39

-unilocular adipocytes/fat cells -surrounded by fibrocytes, collagen and reticular fibers

Question 40

White adipose functions:

Answer 40

-lipid storage -hormone and cytokine production

Question 41

Brown adipose tissue:

Answer 41

-multilocular adipocytes -present mainly in thoracic cavity, and also seen in large blood vessels in the abdominal cavity

Question 42

Brown adipose functions:

Answer 42

-storage and energy production