ANIMAL WELFARE (Stereotypies)

Question 1

Abnormal behaviours:

Answer 1

-behaviours that differ in pattern, frequency, or context from that shown by other members of a species under similar conditions
-recognizing abnormality requires familiarization with normality

Question 2

Normal behaviours:

Answer 2

-include any innate or learnt behaviour that SERVES THE FUNCTION of promoting the health, survival, and reproduction of an animal in a certain environment
-wide range
-frequency does NOT define normality

Question 3

Abnormal behaviour types:

Answer 3

-stereotypies
-re-directed
-obsessive compulsive disorders

Question 4

Stereotypies:

Answer 4

-a form of abnormal behaviour
-REPEATED series of movements with little variation with no obvious or apparent function
-prevalence and frequency are important welfare indicators
-never observed in wild animals

Question 5

Behavioural sequence of the stereotypy:

Answer 5

-is often an incomplete form of a functional behaviours
*develop, they do not just appear
>usually initiated by hunger or scape attempts

Question 6

Oral stereotypies:

Answer 6

-grazing and omnivorous animals

Question 7

Locomotory stereotypies:

Answer 7

-predators

Question 8

Re-directed behaviours:

Answer 8

-normal behaviours (ex. investigate or foraging) directed towards the wrong stimulus
-often exuberated by environment and nutritional management

Question 9

Re-directed behaviours examples:

Answer 9

-tail biting in pigs
-feather picking in poultry
-cross-sucking in calves

Question 10

Obsessive compulsive disorders (OCDs):

Answer 10

-similar to stereotypies, but controlled by different parts of the brain
*if change the environment these behaviours continue

Question 11

OCDs examples:

Answer 11

-tail chasing
-licking
-flank sucking
-patterned barking
-wool chewing
-fly biting

Question 12

Other undesirable behaviours:

Answer 12

-aggressive
-failure to function

Question 13

Aggressive behaviour:

Answer 13

-although undesirable, it is NOT an abnormal behaviour

Question 14

Failure to function:

Answer 14

-conditions imposed on domestic animals lead to some inadequacies of function of sexual or parental behaviour
>silent heat
>male impotence
>neonatal rejection

Question 15

Behavioural model to describe stereotypy development:

Answer 15

1. Causal factors (ex. blood glucose, time of the day)
2. Increase motivation
3. Appetitive behaviour (will increase motivated)
4. Consummatory behavior (ex. done eating=motivation is reduced)
   >functional consequences to stop the causal factors

Question 16

Higher the motivation:

Answer 16

-greater the frustration and hence the likelihood of developing stereotypes
Ex. putting horses food just outside it’s reach=moving head up and down alot

Question 17

Causes of abnormal behaviours:

Answer 17

-hunger/restricted feeding behaviour
-restrictive and/or barren environment
-genetic predisposition, dopamine
-early/abrupt weaning
-social isolation
-exposure to stereotypic peers
-anxiety or inability to escape fearful environment
-unpredictable environment (feeding schedule)

Question 18

Underlying function:

Answer 18

-in barren environments they may increase sensory input
-may produce a more predictable and familiar input

Question 19

Relieve digestive upset:

Answer 19

-veal calves preforming stereotypies had a lower incidence of stomach ulcers compared to non-stereotypy calves
>salivation as a collateral effect

Question 20

Narcotizing and analgesic effect or stereotypies:

Answer 20

-endorphins are released in the brain during some stereotypies

Question 21

Negative consequences:

Answer 21

-visceral discomfort
-locomotion injuries
-teeth erosion
-skin lacerations
-injuries to others (tail biting)

Question 22

Types of stereotypies

Answer 22

-whole body moving
-part of the body moving
-oral

Question 23

Whole body moving

Answer 23

> racing or route tracing
circling
rocking, swaying and weaving

Question 24

Circling:

Answer 24

-occasionally a result of a neurological disorder
-tail chasing is most likely to occur when a dog is excited and frustrated
*might be more of a OCD

Question 25

Rocking, swaying and weaving:

Answer 25

-body is moved backwards and forwards or from side to side, with or without head-swinging

Question 26

Part of body moving:

Answer 26

-head-shaking, head-weaving -rubbing, pawing, digging

Question 27

Head-shaking, head-weaving:

Answer 27

-in domestic birds >sometimes occur with close presence of an observer from which the bird cannot escape >suggested that there may be a SELF-HYPNOTIC component in this behaviour

Question 28

Oral:

Answer 28

-differences between animals in the way they eat are reflected in the stereotypies that develop -licking or crib-whetting -tongue-rolling (in cattle) -bar-biting or crib-biting (horses) -sham-chewing (pigs)

Question 29

Bar-biting or crib-biting:

Answer 29

-animal opens and closes its mouth around a bar, tether or stable door -engages the tongue and teeth with the surface and performing chewing movements

Question 30

Extinction paradigm:

Answer 30

-stereotypy animals (ex. crib biting) have an increased preservation Ex. how many times do they press the button after food doesn’t come? >stereotypy took many more times before they stopped

Question 31

Treatment of stereotypies:

Answer 31

-includes masking the behaviour without addressing the source of the problem

Question 32

Ideal treatment of stereotypies:

Answer 32

-modifying or changing environment -change in feeding regime or diet -behaviour modification -drugs

Question 33

Drugs for treatment of stereotypies:

Answer 33

-anxiolytics (‘reduce’ the frustration) -OCDs controlled by different part of brain, and respond to different drugs and changes of environment