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Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What structures does the head contain?

A

External and internal structures of the ears, nose and mouth

Internal structures of the sinuses

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2
Q

What structures does the neck contain?

A

Internal structures of the pharynx and layrnx

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3
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the ear?

A

External
Middle
Inner

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4
Q

What does the external ear contain?

A

Pinna (auricle)
External auditory canal
TM

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5
Q

What do the glands in the external ear secrete?

A

Cerumen

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6
Q

What is the TM?

A

Thin dividing wall between the external ear and the middle ear

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7
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

Eustachian tube
Tympanic cavity
Ossicle muscles, ligaments, and mucosal folds

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8
Q

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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9
Q

How are the ears connected to the nose?

A

Eustachian tube

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10
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

Vestibule
Semicircular canals
Cochlea

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11
Q

What two branches of the external carotid artery supply the ear?

A

Posterior auricular artery

Superficial temporal artery

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12
Q

Nerves which supply the external ear

A

Trigeminal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Lesser occipital nerve
Vagus nerve

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13
Q

Nerves which supply the middle ear

A

Chorda tympani nerve

Tympanic plexus nerve

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14
Q

Nerves which supply the inner ear

A

Facial nerve

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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15
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the ear

A

Pre-auricular nodes
Post-aruicular nodes
Parotid gland

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16
Q

What are the two functions of the ear?

A

Hearing

Balance

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17
Q

How does the pinna/auricle contribute to hearing?

A

Collects and directs sound waves traveling into the ear canal

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18
Q

How does the ear canal contribute to hearing?

A

Resonates sound waves
Preserves elasticity of TM via temperature & humidity control
Contains glands to produce wax
Cilia to protect from FB

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19
Q

How does the middle ear contribute to hearing?

A

Through the vibrations of the TM, malleus, incus, and stapes

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20
Q

What are the functions of the Eustachian tube?

A

Air exchange: maintain equal pressure
Excretory: drainage for middle ear
Defense: prevents infection

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21
Q

What are the two muscles that attach tot he ossicles?

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympanic

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22
Q

What does the cochlea contribute to hearing?

A

Organ of Corti, which sits on the basilar membrane, is stimulated to produce a “pitch”
Vestibulocochlear nerve transmits to brain

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23
Q

Which part of the cochlea transmits lower frequencies?

A

Apical portion

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24
Q

Which part of the cochlea transmits higher frequencies?

A

Basal end

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25
Purpose for Semi-circular Canals
Maintain balance regardless of head position or gravity
26
What is the sensory receptor of the semi-circular canals?
Cupula
27
Functions of the Nose
``` Respiration Air conditioning Protection Olfaction Eustachian tube Drainage ```
28
3 bones of the roof of the nasal cavity
Frontonasal Ethmoidal Sphenoidal
29
Floor of the nasal cavity consists of these bones
Palatine process of maxilla | Horizontal plate of palatine bone
30
Parts of the medial wall of the nasal cavity
``` Nasal septum Ethmoid bone vomer Nasal crest of maxilla Nasal crest of palatine ```
31
Lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Nasal concha
32
Which sinuses are the paranasal sinuses?
Maxillary Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid
33
Nerve supply to the nose
Trigeminal- ophthalmic & maxillary | Olfactory
34
Blood supply of the nose
``` Ophthalmic Artery Facial artery Maxillary Artery Sphenopalatine artery Superior labial artery Kiesselbach area ```
35
What is Kiesselbach Area?
Area of the nose which is most prone to epistaxis
36
Lymph drainage of nose
Submandibular nodes | Deep cervical nodes
37
Function of Olfaction
Helps to identify food Identify sensual smells Warn of danger (spoiled food, chemicals)
38
Physiology of Olfaction
Odors to olfactory epithelium Odors reach olfactory region Mucus transports odors to olfactory receptors Cilia = molecular reception with odor occurs Sensory transmission starts Through cribiform plate to olfactory bulb
39
Borders of the oral cavity
``` Border of lips Oropharynx Hard palate Tongue Mucosa of cheeks ```
40
Oral Cavity Structures
``` Lips Labial mucosa Commissure of lips Vestibule Oral tongue Buccal mucosa Gingiva Hard palate Teeth Mandible Maxilla ```
41
Functions of Oral Cavity
``` Begin digestion Chew food & mix with saliva Sensation of taste Role in speech Breathing Drinking Facial expression Social interactions ```
42
3 Major Salivary Glands
Parotid Submandibular Sublingual
43
Parotid Gland
Large gland In front of the ears Facial nerve runs through it (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical) Stenson's duct
44
Submandibular Gland
Medium gland Behind lower jaw, under chin & tongue Wharton's duct
45
Sublingual Gland
Smallest gland Deep in floor of mouth Enters through sublingual ducts
46
3 Parts of the Teeth
Anatomic Crown Anatomic Root Pulp Cavity
47
What is housed in the pulp cavity?
``` Dental pulp Nerves Arteries Veins Lymph channels ```
48
Importance of the Tongue
Taste Mastication Swallowing Speech
49
Types of Papillae
Filiform Fungiform Vallate Foliate
50
What is a taste bud?
Flask shaped with receptor cells and supporting cells
51
5 Basic Types of Taste Sensation
``` Bitter Sour Salty Sweet Umami ```
52
How many muscles control the tongue?
8- 4 intrinsic & 4 extrinsic
53
Blood Supply to the Mouth
Lingual artery Sublingual Deep lingual Dorsal lingual
54
Lymph Drainage of the Mouth
Deep cervical Submandibular Submental
55
Nerve Innervation of the Mouth
Sensory- facial & glossopharyngeal | Motor- hypoglossal
56
What is the Pharynx?
Funnel shaped fibro-muscular tube that forms the upper part of the digestive and respiratory tracts
57
What are the 3 Areas of the Pharynx?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
58
Where is the Nasopharynx Located?
Skull base to soft palate
59
What does the nasopharynx contain?
Pharyngeal tonsils | Eustachian tube
60
Where is the Oropharynx Located?
Soft palate to epiglottis
61
Where is the Laryngopharynx Located?
Behind the larynx
62
Muscles of the Pharynx
``` Superior constrictor Middle constrictor Inferior constrictor Palatopharyngeus Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus ```
63
Blood Supply of the Pharynx
``` Facial artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Ascending palatine artery Dorsalis lingua artery Greater palatine artery ```
64
Nerve Supply of the Pharynx
Maxillary nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve
65
Lymphatic Drainage of the Pharynx
Deep cervical nodes
66
Functions of the Pharynx
``` Swallowing Breathing Speech Equalize pressure in middle ear Immunity ```
67
What is the Larynx Responsible for?
``` Producing voice Swallowing Breathing Speech Protect lower airway ```
68
3 Cartilages of the Larynx
Cricoid Thyroid Epiglottis
69
What is the Cricoid Cartilage?
Ring of hyaline cartilage located at inferior aspect of the larynx
70
What is the Thyroid Cartilage?
Adam's apple | V-shaped notch above the prominence
71
What is the Epiglottis?
Leaf-shaped structure that moves down to form a lid over the glottis
72
3 components in which spoken words result
Voiced sound Resonance Articulation
73
3 Subsystems of voice mechanism
Air pressure system Vibratory system Resonating system
74
Voice organs in the air pressure system
``` Diaphragm Chest muscles Ribs Abdominal muscles Lungs ```
75
Air pressure systems role in sound production
Provides & regulates air pressure to cause vocal fold to vibrate
76
Voice organs of the vibratory system
Voice box | Vocal folds
77
Vibratory systems role in sound production
Vocal folds vibrate Changing air pressure to sound waves producing voice sound Varies pitch of sound
78
Voice organs in the resonating system
Throat Oral cavity Nasal passages
79
Resonating systems role in sound production
Changes the "buzzy sound" into a person's recognizable voice
80
Muscles of the Larynx
``` Cricothyroid muscles Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles Transverse arytenoid muscles Thyroarytenoid muscles ```
81
Nerve supply of the Larynx
Superior laryngeal nerve | Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
82
Blood supply of the Larynx
Superior laryngeal artery | Inferior laryngeal artery
83
Lymphatic Drainage of the Larynx
Deep cervical nodes | Upper tracheal nodes
84
Parts of the Jaw
``` Mandible Zygomatic arch Masseter muscle Temporalis muscle Lateral/medial pterygoid muscles ```
85
Blood Supply to the Jaw
External Carotid artery branches
86
Quadrangular Areas of the Neck
Side of neck Inferiorly Anteriorly Posteriorly
87
Blood Supply of the Neck
Common carotids | External/Internal jugular veins
88
Boundaries of the Anterior Cervical Triangles
Midline anteriorly Mandible superiorly SCM inferolaterally
89
4 Triangles of the Anterior Cervical Triangle
Submandibular triangle 2 Carotid triangles 3 muscular or omotracheal triangle Submental triangle
90
Boundaries of the Posterior Cervical Triangle
Clavicle inferiorly SCM anterosuperiorly Trapezius posteriorly

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