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Principles of Biology II > Animal Form & Function > Flashcards

Animal Form & Function Flashcards

0
Q

This TISSUE is made up of densely PACKED CELLS and it PROTECTS, SECRETES and ABSORBS.

A

Epithelial Tissue

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1
Q

What are the FOUR (4) TISSUE TYPES?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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2
Q

Name the THREE (3) different SHAPES of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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3
Q

Name the THREE (3) different ARRANGEMENTS of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudo stratified

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4
Q

Identify the SHAPE and ARRANGEMENT of SKIN tissue cells.

A

Stratified

Squamous

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5
Q

KIDNEY TUBULES are what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple

Cuboidal

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6
Q

The RESPIRATORY TRACT is made up of what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Pseudo stratified

Columnar

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7
Q

The INTESTINES contain what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple

Columnar

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8
Q

This SEPARATES EPITHELIUM from UNDERLYING TISSUE.

A

Basement Membrane

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9
Q

What are the SIX (6) types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

A
  1. ) Loose Connective
  2. ) Fibrous Connective
  3. ) Cartilage
  4. ) Bone
  5. ) Adipose
  6. ) Blood
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10
Q

What is the FUNCTION of CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (4)

A

Connect
Surround
Anchor
Support

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11
Q

This part of CONNECTIVE TISSUE id a WEB of FIBERS embedded in a LIQUID, JELLY or SOLID.

A

Extracellular Matrix

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12
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX? (3)

A

Provide STRUCTURE
PROTECTION
Mechanical STRENGTH

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13
Q

What are the THREE (3) types of CONNECTIVE tissue FIBERS?

A

Collagenous
Elastic
Reticular

Ch. 40 p.4 NOTES

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14
Q

This CONNECTIVE TISSUE is the mist WIDESPREAD and found THROUGHOUT the BODY.

A

Loose Connective

Ch. 40 p. 4 NOTES

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15
Q

True or False: loose connective tissue is highly vascular.

A

TRUE,

LOOSE CONNECTIVE tissue is HIGHLY VASCULAR.

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16
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (3)

A

BINDS EPITHELIA to underlying tissue
NUTRIENT & WASTE REMOVAL
HOLDS ORGANS in place

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17
Q

Where is FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE found?

A

Tendons

Ligaments

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18
Q

This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is made up of DENSELY PACKED COLLAGENOUS FIBERS.

A

Fibrous Connective Tissue

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19
Q

This type of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE is responsible for BINDING BONES together.

A

Ligaments

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20
Q

This type of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE is responsible for ATTACHING MUSCLES to BONES.

A

Tendons

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21
Q

This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is found in JOINTS, EARS and VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS.

A

Cartilage

Ch.40 p.5 NOTES

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22
Q

CARTILAGE is made up of a RUBBERY MATRIX of _______________.

A

Chondroitin

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23
Q

This CONNECTIVE TISSUE makes up the SKELETON of the body.

A

Bone Tissue

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24
BONE TISSUE is made up of ____________ CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Mineralized
25
True or False: bone tissue is hard and brittle.
FALSE, BINE TISSUE is HARD but NOT BRITTLE and acts as a SCAFFOLDING for the body.
26
This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is FOUND THROUGHOUT the BODY and contains LIPIDS.
Adipose Tissue
27
What are the TWO (2) functions of ADIPOSE TISSUE?
Stores ENERGY as FAT | PADS & INSULATES the body
28
What is the LIQUID MATRIX of BLOOD made up of?
``` Blood Cells (red & white) Plasma ```
29
What is the FUNCTION of BLOOD?
Gas Exchange Immune Protection Blood Clotting
30
This TISSUE TYPE is responsible for most BODY MOVEMENT.
Muscle Tissue *Ch.40 p.5-6 NOTES*
31
MUSCULAR TISSUE is made up of __________ cells specialized FOR CONTRACTION.
Elongated
32
What are the THREE (3) types of MUSCLE TISSUE?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
33
____________ MUSCLE TISSUE is VOLUNTARY.
Skeletal
34
CARDIAC MUSCLE is ____________ and found in the HEART.
Involuntary
35
This type of MUSCLE TISSUE is INVOLUNTARY and is found in ORGAN WALLS, BLOOD VESSELS and IRIS.
Smooth Muscle
36
True or False: muscle tissue is a type of connective tissue.
FALSE, MUSCULAR TISSUE is NOT a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
37
True or False: muscles work in a pushing action.
FALSE, MUSCLES DO NOT PUSH, they OLNY CONTRACT or RELAX
38
__________ muscle tissue is STRIATED.
Skeletal
39
This TISSUE TYPE is specialized for COMMUNICATION by ELECTRICAL and chemical signals.
Nervous Tissue *Ch.40 p.6 NOTES*
40
These cells SUPPORT NEURONS.
Glial Cells
41
The FUNCTION of nerve cells of NERVOUS TISSUE is _________ and ________.
Control | Communication
42
True or False: nervous tissue is specialized for electrical signals but not chemical.
FALSE, NERVOUS TISSUE communicates by BOTH ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL signals (think neurotransmitters)
43
Tissues are organized into ________.
Organs
44
Organs are organized into ___________.
Organ Systems
45
The HUMAN BODY contains ___ to ___ TRILLION CELLS
50-100
46
This system is composed of GLANDS that secrete HORMONES.
Endocrine System *Ch.40 p.6 NOTES* (illustration)
47
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE COMMUNICATION
NERVOUS: • electrical impulses • neurotransmitters ENDOCRINE: • blood stream • hormones
48
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE EFFECTS
NERVOUS: • relatively LOCAL/SPECIFIC ENDOCRINE: • very GENERAL/WIDESPREAD
49
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE SPEED
NERVOUS: • reacts QUICKLY • 1-10 msec ENDOCRINE: • reacts more SLOWLY • SECONDS to DAYS
50
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE END OF STIMULUS
NERVOUS: • stops QUICKLY ENDOCRINE: • may CONTINUE
51
The ENDOCRINE system coordinates GRADUAL CHANGES throughout the body and sends signals for what FOUR (4) processes?
Growth/Development Reproduction Metabolic Processes Digestion
52
This is the ability to MAINTAIN a STABLE/CONSTANT internal ENVIRONMENT.
Homeostasis
53
Give THREE (3) examples of HOMEOSTASIS.
Body Temperature Blood pH Glucose Levels
54
What are the THREE (3) components of HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS?
Receptor Control Center Effector
55
This COMPONENT of HOMEOSTATIC control MECHANISMS monitors and DETECTS CHANGE in internal ENVIRONMENT.
Receptor
56
This COMPONENT of HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL mechanisms PROCESS INFORMATION and DECIDES appreciate RESPONSE.
Control Center
57
This is the CELL or ORGAN of HOMEOSTATIC control MECHANISMS that CARRIES out CORRECTIVE ACTION.
Effector
58
What are the TWO (2) sources of heat for THERMOREGULATION?
Internal METABOLISM | External ENVIRONMENT
59
These type of organisms rely on METABOLIC HEAT to MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.
ENDOtherms
60
These types of organisms rely on EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT to MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.
ECTOtherms
61
What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of ENDOTHERMY?
ADVANTAGE: allowance to be ACTIVE DISADVANTAGE: use MORE ENERGY to maintain homeostasis
62
What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of ECTOTHERMY?
ADVANTAGE: ability to CONTROL body TEMPERATURE DISADVANTAGE: AT the WILL OF the temperature of the external ENVIRONMENT
63
This is an animal's ability to CONTROL HEAT EXCHANGE with surrounding ENVIRONMENT.
Thermoregulation
64
What are the FOUR (4) PHYSICAL PROCESSES to EXCHANGE HEAT?
Radiation Evaporation Convection Conduction
65
What are the FIVE (5) major THERMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS?
1. ) Insulation 2. ) Circulatory Adaptations 3. ) Evaporative Cooling 4. ) Behavioral Adaptions 5. ) Adjusting to METABOLIC HEAT LOSS
66
This REDUCES the flow of HEAT between ANIMAL and ENVIRONMENT.
Insulation
67
Give THREE (3) examples of INSULATION.
Skin/Hair Feathers Layers of Fat
68
HEAT EXCHANGE is ___ to ___ times FASTER IN WATER.
50-100
69
This is the major FLOW between INTERIOR and EXTERIOR BODY.
Circulation
70
This CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION is an INCREASE in blood VESSEL DIAMETER.
VasoDIALATION
71
True or False: vasodilation usual leads to heat loss.
TRUE, vasoDIALATION leads to HEAT LOSS and INCREASES HEAT TRANSFER.
72
This CIRCULATORY ADAPTION is a DECREASE in blood VESSEL DIAMETER.
VasoCONSTRICTION
73
True or False: vasoconstriction decreases heat transfer.
TRUE, vasoCONSTRICTION DECREASES heat transfer and usually MAINTAINS HEAT.
74
This CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION is an ANTIPARALLEL ARRANGEMENT of BLOOD VESSELS.
Countercurrent Exchange (veins & arteries) *Ch.40 p.10 NOTES*
75
These BLOOD VESSELS carry WARM blood FROM BODY core.
Arteries
76
These BLOOD VESSELS carry COOLER blood FROM EXTREMITIES.
Veins
77
What are the THREE (3) types of CIRCULATORY ADAPTATIONS?
VasoDIALATION VasoCONSTRICTION Countercurrent Exchange
78
This occurs when HEAT is LOST as water VAPOR.
Evaporative Cooling
79
Give FOUR (4) examples of EVAPORATIVE COOLING.
Panting Sweating Mucous Secretion Bathing/Wallowing
80
These are changes in BEHAVIOR to deal with THERMOREGULATION.
Behavioral Adaptations
81
Give FOUR (4) examples of BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS.
1. ) movement between CLIMATES 2. ) HIBERNATION 3. ) HUDDLING 4. ) BATHING/WALLOWING
82
This is a term for HEAT PRODUCTION.
Thermogenesis
83
How can ENDOtherms ALTER THERMOGENESIS? (2)
1. ) Shivering/Moving | 2. ) HORMONES cause INCREASE in MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY
84
True or False: non-shivering thermogenesis involving hormones create ATP.
FALSE, NON-SHIVERING thermogenesis involving hormones create HEAT, NOT ATP
85
Why do animals require energy? (4)
Growth Repair Activity Reproduction *Ch.40 p.11 NOTES* (illustration)
86
_________ ACQUIRE CHEMICAL ENERGY from ORGANIC molecules produced by OTHER ORGANISMS.
Heterotrophs
87
This is the AMOUNT of ENERGY an ANIMAL USES in a unit of time.
Metabolic Rate
88
This is the MINIMUM METABOLIC RATE for ENDOtherms.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
89
This is the MINIMUM METABOLIC RATE for ECTOtherms.
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)
90
HUMANS require a MINIMUM of ____ to ____ kcal per day.
1,500 to 1,650 kcal
91
An AMERICAN ALLIGATOR requires a MINIMUM of ___ kcal per day.
60 kcal
92
True or False: larger animals require more chemical energy.
TRUE, LARGER animals require MORE CHEMICAL ENERGY.
93
True or False: smaller animals experience a greater energy cost to maintain body temperature.
TRUE, SMALLER animals experience GREATER energy COST, due an INVERSE relationship between ENERGY NEED and body SIZE

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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