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Principles of Biology II > Plant & Internal/External Stimuli > Flashcards

Plant & Internal/External Stimuli Flashcards

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0
Q

This type of STIMULI is characterized by a variety of PHYSICAL and BIOLOGICAL stimuli produced OUTSIDE of the BODY.

A

External Stimuli

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1
Q

This type of STIMULI is characterized by CHEMICAL SIGNALS that are produced WITHIN the BODY and move from from one location to another.

A

Internal Stimuli

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2
Q

This response to stimuli occurs when received SIGNALS ACTIVATE INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS that lead to cellular responses.

A

Signal Transduction

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3
Q

This is the CONVERSION of one form of ENERGY to another.

A

Transduction

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4
Q

This is the process by which a signal ACTIVATES a RECEPTOR.

A

Reception

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5
Q

These are PROTEINS that become ACTIVATED WHEN they receive a SPECIFIC SIGNAL.

A

Receptors

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6
Q

What are TWO (2) LOCATIONS of RECEPTORS?

A

Plasma Membrane

Intracellular

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7
Q

The PLASMA MEMBRANE has ___________ heads and ___________ tails.

A

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

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8
Q

Receptors ON the PLASMA MEMBRANE have signals that are __________.

A

Water soluble

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9
Q

Receptors INSIDE of the CELL have signals that are ____________.

A

NOT water soluble

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10
Q

SECONDARY MESSENGERS are molecules and ions ________ of the cell.

A

Inside

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11
Q

SECONDARY MESSENGERS AMPLIFY the signal from the ________ and TRANSFER the signal to the ________.

A

Receptor

Effector

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12
Q

What are the TWO (2) common SECONDARY MESSENGERS in plants?

A

cyclic GMP

cyclic AMP

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13
Q

During the cAMP SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEM ____________ is the FIRST MESSENGER.

A

Hormone

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14
Q

During cAMP the RECEPTOR ACTIVATES and RELEASES __________.

A

G Protein

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15
Q

G PROTEIN binds to the ENZYME ___________.

A

Adenylate Cyclase

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16
Q

During the SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEM (cAMP) ATP is converted INTO __________. (The SECOND MESSENGER)

A

cAMP

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17
Q

During the SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEM (cAMP), __________ is activated which TRIGGERS a cascades of CHEMICAL REACTIONS known as _________.

A

Kinases

Effectors

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18
Q

In regards to the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY _________ is the ACTIVATION of EFFECTORS which will REGULATE one or more CELLULAR ACTIVITIES.

A

Response

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19
Q

These are PROTEINS or ENZYMES that carry SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS.

A

Effectors

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20
Q

What are the TWO (2) main types of CELLULAR RESPONSES?

A

Transcriptional Regulation

Post Transcriptional Modification

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21
Q

This is the INTERACTION between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STIMULI that is related to PLANT GROWTH in DARKNESS.

A

Etiolation Response

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22
Q

This is the INTERACTION between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STIMULI that is related to PLANT GROWTH in LIGHT.

A

De-etiolation

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23
Q

This is the RECEPTOR involved in DE-ETIOLATION’s relation to SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A

Phytochrome

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24
These are CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES that regulate METABOLIC FUNCTION of TARGET CELLS.
Hormone
25
PLANT HORMONES generally AFFECT what THREE (3) things?
Cellular Division Cellular Elongation Cellular Differentiation
26
True or False: plant hormones are produced in one part of the plant and transported to other parts.
TRUE, plant hormones are PRODUCED in ONE PART of the plant and TRANSPORTED to OTHER parts.
27
PLANT HORMONES TRIGGER ____________.
Signal Transduction Pathway
28
PLANT HORMONES lead to CHANGES such as ___________, ___________ and __________.
Development Growth Behavior
29
What are the SIX (6) types of PLANT HORMONES?
``` Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins Ethylene Abscisic Acid Brassinosteroids ```
30
This is the MASTER PLANT HORMONE.
Auxin
31
True or False: AUXIN is only influential up until maturity.
FALSE, AUXIN INFLUENCES the plan throughout their LIFETIME.
32
WHERE are AUXINS PRODUCED?
Apical Meristems (shoots/roots) Young Leaves Developing Seeds and Fruits
33
AUXINS are TRANSPORTED via __________ and __________.
Parenchyma Cells | Apoplastic Transport
34
What are the THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of AUXIN? What OTHER FUNCTIONS do auxins perform? (2)
MAJOR 1. ) STEM ELONGATION 2. ) lateral and adventitious ROOT GROWTH 3. ) PHOTOTROPISM & GRAVITROPISM OTHER 1. ) stimulates FRUIT DEVELOPMENT 2. ) induces VASCULAR tissue DEVELOPMENT
35
These PLANT HORMONES WORK in concert WITH AUXINS to control CELL DIVISION, differentiation and apical dominance.
Cytokinins
36
CYTOKININS work with auxin to CONTROL ___________, __________ and __________.
Cell Division Cell Differentiation Apical Dominance
37
How are CYTOKININS TRANSPORTED?
Xylem Tissue
38
CYTOKININS ALONE = ?
No Cell Division
39
CYTOKININS + AUXINS = ?
Cell Division
40
1:1 RATIO of CYTOKININS to AUXINS = ?
Normal Growth (shoots & roots)
41
CYTOKININS > AUXINS = ?
Shoot Development
42
CYTOKININS < AUXINS = ?
Root Development
43
What is APICAL DOMINANCE?
INHIBITION of AUXILIARY BUDS due to PRESENCE of APICAL BUD.
44
True or False: the presence of cytokinins influence whether or not the auxiliary bud grows.
TRUE
45
Where are GIBBERELLINS produced?
Apical Meristems Young Leaves Embryos (seeds)
46
What are the THREE (3) major FUNCTIONS of GIBBERELLINS?
Stem Elongation Fruit Growth Germination of Seeds
47
True or False: gibberellins have a great affect on roots.
FALSE, GIBBERELLINS have LITTLE EFFECT on ROOTS.
48
In order for FRUIT to DEVELOP and GROW ____________ and __________ must be present.
Gibberellins | Auxins
49
This is the UPTAKE of WATER due to LOW WATER POTENTIAL resulting in the BREAKING of SEED DORMANCY.
Imbibition
50
FOLLOWING IMBIBITION ____________ concentrations INCREASE in the seed causing it to _____________.
Gibberellins | Germinate
51
During GERMINATION what are the digestive ENZYMES DIGESTING?
Endosperm
52
These PLANT HORMONES are involved in SLOWING plant GROWTH.
Abscisic Acid
53
What are the THREE (3) GROWTH HORMONES?
Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins
54
Where are ABSCISIC ACIDS produced?
In ALMOST ALL plant CELLS
55
What are the THREE (3) major FUNCTIONS of ABSCISIC ACIDS?
Growth INHIBITION Promote SEED DORMANCY INHIBITION of EARLY GERMINATION
56
Why is SEED DORMANCY important?
It INCREASES the LIKELIHOOD that the SEED will DEVELOP in FAVORABLE environmental CONDITIONS.
57
ABSCISIC ACIDS > GIBBERELLINS = ?
Seed DORMANCY
58
ABSCISIC ACIDS < GIBBERELLINS = ?
Seed GERMINATES
59
Plants produce this GASEOUS HORMONE in response to STRESS.
Ethylene
60
Where is ETHYLENE produced?
Tissues undergoing CELL DEATH AGING LEAVES RIPENING fruit
61
This is the PROGRAMMED DEATH of certain cells or organs of a plant.
Senescence
62
This is a CELLULAR MECHANISM in which ENZYMES BREAK DOWN chemical components such as CHLOROPHYLL, DNA, RNA, PROTEINS and membrane LIPIDS.
Apoptosis
63
True or False: ethylene is always associated with senescence.
TRUE, ethylene is ALWAYS associated with senescence.
64
This occurs in plants that LOSE LEAVES annually.
Leaf Abscission
65
True or False: leaf abscission allows plants to salvage nutrients and recycle them back into leaves in the spring.
TRUE, LEAF ABSCISSION allows plants to SALVAGE NUTRIENTS and RECYLCE them back into leaves in the spring.
66
Where does LEAF ABSCISSION?
Abscission Layer
67
Where is the ABSCISSION LAYER located?
At the BASE of the PETIOLE.
68
During LEAF ABSCISSION _________ cells are WEAKENED by enzymes FROM APOPTOSIS.
Parenchyma Cells
69
What TWO (2) HORMONES determine LEAF ABSCISSION?
Ethylene | Auxin
70
What HORMONE is involved in HEALTHY LEAVES.
Auxin
71
The LOSS OF AUXIN and an INCREASE in ETHYLENE results in what?
Aged Leaves
72
ETHYLENE > AUXIN = ?
Abscising Leaves
73
True or False: ethylene inhibits fruit ripening.
FALSE, Ethylene TRIGGERS fruit RIPENING.

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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