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Principles of Biology II > Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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0
Q

These animals CONSUME AUTOTROPHS.

A

Herbivores

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1
Q

What are the THREE (3) DIET CLASSIFICATIONS?

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores

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2
Q

These animals CONSUME other ANIMALS.

A

Carnivores

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3
Q

These animals CONSUME AUTOTROPHS and other ANIMALS.

A

Omnivores

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4
Q

These animals are NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE to any of the three DIET CLASSIFICATIONS.

A

Opportunistic Feeders

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5
Q

What are the FOUR (4) classifications of FEEDING MECHANISMS?

A

Suspension Feeders
Substrate Feeders
Fluid Feeders
Bulk Feeders

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6
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS, food PARTICLES are SIFTED from environment.

A

Suspension Feeders

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7
Q

Give TWO (2) examples of SUSPENSION FEEDERS.

A

Baleen Whales

Clams/Oysters

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8
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS, the animal LIVES IN/ON their FOOD source.

A

Substrate Feeders

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9
Q

Give TWO (2) examples of SUBSTRATE FEEDERS.

A

Caterpillars

Maggots

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10
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS the animal SUCKS NUTRIENT rich fluid from the host.

A

Fluid Feeders

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11
Q

Name FOUR (4) examples of FLUID FEEDERS.

A

ARTHROPODS:
• Mosquitos
• Bees

NON-ARTHROPOD:
• Hummingbirds
• Bats

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12
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS, the animal consumes LARGE PIECES of FOOD.

A

Bulk Feeders

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13
Q

Name FIVE (5) ADAPTATIONS of BULK FEEDERS.

A
  1. ) Tentacles
  2. ) Claws
  3. ) Fangs
  4. ) Jaws
  5. ) Teeth
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14
Q

Give FIVE (5) examples of BULK FEEDERS.

A
  1. ) Snakes
  2. ) Spiders
  3. ) Octopus
  4. ) Dogs
  5. ) Humans
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15
Q

Although SPIDERS are classified as BULK FEEDERS, how can they be classified as SUSPENSION FEEDERS as well?

A

Their WEBS FILTER INSECTS flying through the air.

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16
Q

True or False: animals only require organic nutrients.

A

FALSE,

Animals require ORGANIC AND INORGANIC nutrients.

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17
Q

List FIVE (5) ORGANIC NUTRIENTS that animals require.

A
  1. ) Carbohydrates
  2. ) Proteins
  3. ) Lipids
  4. ) Nucleic Acids
  5. ) Vitamins
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18
Q

What INORGANIC nutrients do animals require? (2)

A

Water

Minerals

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19
Q

Why do animals require ORGANIC NUTRIENTS? (2)

A

Provide ENERGY

Build NEW MOLECULES

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20
Q

__________ energy POWERS CELLULAR PROCESSES after it is converted to ATP.

A

Chemical

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21
Q

True or False: essential nutrients are required from the diet is in their complete form.

A

TRUE,

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS are required in their COMPLETE FORM.

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22
Q

What are the FOUR (4) groups of ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS.

A
  1. ) Amino Acids
  2. ) Fatty Acids
  3. ) Vitamins
  4. ) Minerals
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23
Q

True or False: animals can synthesize all amino acids.

A

FALSE,

Animals can synthesize MOST amino acids

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24
How many ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS are required in an ANIMAL's DIET?
8
25
PROTEINS in ANIMAL PRODUCTS are _________ amino acids.
Complete
26
PROTEINS in PLANT PRODUCTS are _________ amino acids.
Incomplete
27
A diet with INSUFFICIENT amounts of essential AMINO ACIDS result in __________.
Protein Deficiency *Ch.41 p.3 NOTES*
28
This is the result of a LONG-TERM ABSENCE of essential NUTRIENTS.
Malnutrition
29
____________ FATTY ACIDS CANNOT be made.
Unsaturated
30
Ample quantities of essential FATTY ACIDS can be found in ________, _______ and _______.
Seeds Grains Vegetables
31
VITAMINS are required in _______ amounts, usually ___ to ___ per day.
SMALL | 0.001 mg to 100 mg
32
True or False: animals can synthesize vitamins.
FALSE, Animals CANNOT synthesize VITAMINS
33
________ VITAMINS are EXCRETED in URINE and _______ VITAMINS are STORED in fat tissue.
Water-soluble | Fat-soluble
34
MINERALS are required in ______ amounts, about ___ to ___ per day.
Small | 1 mg to 2,500 mg
35
True or False: animals can synthesize minerals.
FALSE, Animals CANNOT SYNTHESIZE MINERALS
36
What are the FOUR (4) stages of FOOD PROCESSING?
1. ) Ingestion 2. ) Digestion 3. ) Absorption 4. ) Elimination
37
What are the TWO (2) forms of DIGESTION?
Mechanical | Chemical
38
Give an example of MECHANICAL DIGESTION.
Chewing
39
Give an example of CHEMICAL DIGESTION.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
40
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES breakdown __________, __________ and __________.
Proteins Fats Carbohydrates
41
This is DIGESTION that occurs WITHIN a CELL.
Intracellular Digestion *Ch.41 p.5 NOTES*
42
This is when DIGESTION occurs OUTSIDE of the CELLS.
Extracellular Digestion
43
This is a DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENT comprised of a SINGLE OPENING seen in INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS.
Gastrovascular Cavity
44
This is a DIGESTIVE TUBE with TWO OPENINGS seen in a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Alimentary Canal
45
What is an ADVANTAGE of a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? (2)
1. ) Deal with FOOD at VARIOUS STAGES | 2. ) Consume LARGER PARTICLES
46
What FOUR (4) DIGESTIVE GLANDS secrete DIGESTIVE JUICES into the canal?
1. ) Salivary Glands 2. ) Gallbladder 3. ) Liver 4. ) Pancreas
47
These are waves of SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
Peristalsis
48
These are RING-LIKE MUSCULAR VALVES that REGULATE passage of MATERIALS BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS.
Sphincters
49
SALIVA decreased from the SALIVARY GLANDS contain the ENZYME _________.
Amylase
50
AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN _______ and ______.
Starch | Glycogen
51
The TONGUE creates ________ ready GOR SWALLOWING.
BOLUS of food
52
This CONNECTS the ORAL CAVITY to the ESOPHAGUS and the TRACHEA.
Pharynx
53
This is the FLAP of CARTILAGE that prevents food from going down the TRACHEA.
Epiglottis
54
This MOVES FOOD to the STOMACH by PERISTALSIS.
Esophagus
55
This is a SAC-LIKE organ for STORAGE and DIGESTION.
Stomach
56
The STOMACH can STORES up to ___ of FOOD and WATER.
2 Liters
57
The GASTRIC JUICES of the STOMACH contain _________ and ________.
``` Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Pepsin ```
58
What is the pH of the HCl contained in the STOMACH's GASTRIC ACID?
2
59
What is the FUNCTION of the HCl in the STOMACH? (4)
1. ) Break Down Food 2. ) Kill Bacteria 3. ) Denature Proteins 4. ) Activate Pepsin
60
PARIETAL CELLS of the STOMACH SECRETE _________ and ________.
Hydrogen (H+) | Chloride (Cl-)
61
The CHIEF CELLS of the STOMACH release ____________.
Pepsinogen
62
True or False: pepsinogen is active pepsin.
FALSE, PEPSINOGEN is INACTIVE PEPSIN
63
How often is the EPITHELIAL LAYER of the STOMACH replaced?
Every 3 days
64
This is an ACIDIC mix of FOOD and GASTRIC JUICES.
Chyme *Ch.41 p.8 NOTES*
65
The STOMACH CHURNS every ___ seconds.
20
66
CHYME released into the SMALL INTESTINE by the PYLORIC SPHINCTER ___ to ___ HOURS after a meal.
2-6 hours
67
The SMALL INTESTINE is composed of what THREE (3) parts?
Duodenum Jejunum ileum
68
The DUODENUM is the first ___ cm of the SMALL INTESTINE.
25
69
Thus secretes BICARBONATE for neutralization and ENZYMES.
Pancreas
70
TRYPSIN and CHYMOTRYPSIN of the PANCREAS aid in _________ digestion.
Protein
71
PANCREATIC AMYLASE aid in __________ DIGESTION.
Carbohydrate
72
PANCREATIC LIPASES aid in _______ DIGESTION.
Fat
73
PANCREATIC NUCLEASES aid in __________ DIGESTION.
Nucleic Acid
74
This is the site of BILE PRODUCTION.
Liver
75
This AMPHILLIC MOLECULE acts as an EMULSIFIER.
Bile
76
BILE ACIDS form _________.
Micelles
77
This organ STORES BILE and RELEASES it DURING DIGESTION.
Gall Bladder
78
The SMALL INTESTINE has a _________ SURFACE AREA of ____.
Large | 300 meters squared
79
These are FINGER-LIKE extensions that INCREASE SURFACE AREA in the the SMALL INTESTINE.
Villi
80
MICROVILLI are made of ___________ cells.
Epithelial
81
SIDE BY SIDE MICROVILLI are called __________.
The Brush Boarder
82
Nutrients must pass though a ___________ during NUTRIENT ABSORPTION.
Plasma Membrane
83
How do FATS ENTER the BLOOD STREAM?
Lymphatic System *Ch.41 p.10 NOTES*
84
True or False: most nutrients enter directly into blood capillaries.
TRUE, MOST nutrients enter DIRECTLY into blood CAPILLARIES.
85
This is a SMALL POUCH of the LARGE INTESTINE for FERMENTING PLANT MATERIAL.
Cecum
86
WATER ABSORPTION is the main FUNCTION of this component of the LARGE INTESTINE.
Colon

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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