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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

How many cells does the human body contain?

A

50-100 Trillion cells

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2
Q

This SYSTEM can REGULATE the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Endocrine Glands

Hormones

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4
Q

These are COMMUNICATION and REGULATORY MOLECULES secreted by endocrine glands.

A

Hormones

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5
Q

How are hormones transported throughout the body?

A

Blood Stream
OR
Hemolymph

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6
Q

What are the FIVE (5) major PROCESSES controlled by hormones?

A
  1. ) Reproduction
  2. ) Development
  3. ) Energy Metabolism
  4. ) Growth
  5. ) Behavior
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7
Q

What is the FUNCTION OF HORMONES?

A

To SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS

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8
Q

Why don’t hormones effect all cells of the body?

A

Because HORMONES BIND to SPECIFIC RECEPTOR proteins on TARGET CELLS.

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9
Q

What are the THREE (3) TYPES of HORMONES.

A
  1. ) Polypeptides
  2. ) Amines
  3. ) Steroids
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10
Q

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is responsible for ____________ and ____________.

A

Communication

Regulation

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11
Q

What are NON-STEROID HORMONES derived from?

A

Amino Acids

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12
Q

Give FOUR (4) examples of NON-STEROID HORMONES.

A

Epinephrine
Insulin
Erythropoietin
ADH

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13
Q

What are STEROID HORMONES derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

Give TWO (2) examples of STEROID HORMONES.

A

Testosterone

Estrogen

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15
Q

Are NON-STEROID hormones HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC?

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

These are HORMONES derived from AMINO ACIDS.

A

Non-steroid

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17
Q

These are HORMONES derived from CHOLESTEROL.

A

Steroid

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18
Q

Are STEROID hormones HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC?

A

Hydrophobic

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19
Q

What are the TWO (2) MAIN LOCATIONS a for HORMONE RECEPTORS?

A

Plasma Membrane

Intracellular

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20
Q

NON-STEROID hormones ________(can OR cannot) enter target cells, while STEROID hormones ________ (can OR cannot).

A

Non-steroids CANNOT

Steroids CAN

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21
Q

How do NON-STEROID hormones TRIGGER RESPONSES in SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEMS? Directly OR indirectly?

A

INDIRECTLY, bc they cannot enter target cells.

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22
Q

How do STEROID hormones TRIGGER RESPONSES in SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEMS? Directly OR indirectly?

A

DIRECTLY, bc they can enter target cells.

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23
Q

This process is characterized by one hormone TRIGGERING the synthesis of LARGE NUMBER of ENZYMES.

A

Enzyme Amplification

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24
Q

How many MOLECULES does ONE (1) EPINEPHRINE molecule essentially activate according to ENZYME AMPLIFICATION?

A

1 epinephrine molecule activates 1BILLION MOLECULES

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25
Why is it possible for the SAME HORMONE to cause DIFFERENT EFFECTS if they bind to SPECIFIC RECEPTORS?
1. ) Same receptor but different intracellular proteins 2. ) Different receptor but same hormone (See p. 3 in NOTES)
26
True or False: most target cells are sensitive to multiple hormones.
TRUE
27
What are the TWO (2) main types of INTERACTIVE EFFECTS of hormones?
Synergistic | Antagonistic
28
This type of INTERACTIVE EFFECT occurs when TWO HORMONES act to produce GREATER EFFECT.
Synergistic
29
This type of INTERACTIVE EFFECT occurs when ONE HORMONE OPPOSES the ACTION of another.
Antagonistic
30
This is the MAJOR FUEL for animals.
Glucose
31
What are the TWO (2) ANTAGONISTIC hormones?
Insulin | Glucagon
32
What FUNCTION does INSULIN serve?
LOWERS a blood glucose
33
What GLAND secretes INSULIN?
Pancreas
34
What is the FUNCTION of GLUCAGON?
It INCREASES blood glucose
35
Which GLAND secretes GLUCAGON?
Pancreas
36
This is the result of a DISRUPTION in GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS.
Diabetes Mellitus
37
Type 1 DIABETES is the result of what?
A DEFICIENCY in insulin PRODUCTION.
38
Type 2 DIABETES is a result of what?
DEFICIENCY in insulin RECEPTORS on target cells.
39
90% of cases of DIABETES are type __.
2
40
This is the MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLAND.
Pituitary
41
This organ CONTROLS the PITUITARY GLAND.
Hypothalamus
42
Name the TWO (2) LOBES of the PITUITARY GLAND.
Anterior | Posterior
43
The ANTERIOR pituitary gland SECRETES ___ hormones.
6
44
The POSTERIOR pituitary gland SECRETES ___ hormones.
2
45
Name the SIX (6) HORMONES secretes by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
1. ) Growth Hormone (GH) 2. ) Prolactin 3. ) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) 4. ) Luteinizing Hormone 5. ) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 6. ) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
46
What are the TWO (2) HORMONES secreted by the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND?
1. ) Oxytocin | 2. ) Antidiuretic Hormone
47
What role does PROLACTIN of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Milk synthesis and secretion
48
What role does GROWTH HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Growth | Metabolic functions
49
What role does FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Ova and Sperm production
50
What role does LUTEINIZING HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
``` Stimulates Ovulation and Estrogen (ovaries) Stimulates Androgens (testes) ```
51
What role does THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Stimulates Thyroid Gland
52
What role does ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Stimulates Adrenal Glands
53
What role does OXYTOCIN of the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Stimulates Mammary Gland Cells | Stimulates Uterus Contraction
54
What role does ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE of the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?
Promotes H2O Retention by kidneys
55
The THYROID GLAND consists of ___ large LOBES.
2
56
The THYROID GLAND is POSITIONED just below the __________.
Larynx
57
What TWO (2) HORMONES does the THYROID GLAND PRODUCE?
Thyroid Hormone | Calcitonin
58
What TWO (2) CHEMICALS make up THYROID HORMONE?
Thyroxine | Triiodothyronine
59
What THREE (3) METABOLIC PROCESSES does THYROID HORMONE influence?
1. ) INCREASES ENERGY RELEASE from carbs 2. ) INCREASES rate of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3. ) ACCELERATES GROWTH
60
This endocrine gland STIMULATES the THYROID GLAND.
Anterior pituitary gland
61
These TWO (2) COMPLICATIONS arise due to THYROID HORMONE IMBALANCES
Grave's Disease | Goiter
62
What is the FUNCTION of CALCITONIN?
Lowers blood calcium levels
63
How does CALCITONIN lower blood calcium levels?
It INCREASES EXCRETION of calcium in urine.
64
This is the ANTAGONISTIC hormone to CALCITONIN, in that it INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM.
Parathyroid Hormone
65
In what THREE (3) WAYS does PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASE blood CALCIUM?
1. ) Calcium UPTAKE in KIDNEYS 2. ) Calcium UPTAKE in INTESTINES 3. ) Calcium RELEASE from BONES
66
What GLAND secretes PARATHYROID HORMONE?
Parathyroid Glands
67
These GLANDS are located ABOVE the KIDNEYS and divided into 2 LAYERS.
Adrenal Glands
68
What are the TWO (2) LAYERS a of the ADRENAL GLANDS?
Adrenal Medulla | Adrenal Cortex
69
The ADRENAL MEDULLA secretes this HORMONE.
Epinephrine
70
The ADRENAL CORTEX secretes ___ different STEROIDS. Name TWO (2).
30 Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticosteroids
71
What is the FUNCTION of EPINEPHRINE?
FIGHT OR FLIGHT: 1. ) Increased Heart Rate 2. ) Increased Breathing Rate 3. ) Increased Metabolic Rate 4. ) Decreased Digestion
72
What is the FUNCTION of GLUCOCORTICOIDS?
RAISE blood GLUCOSE levels (NON-CARB sources) ANTI-INFLAMMATORY Effects
73
What is the FUNCTION of MINERALCORTICOSTEROIDS?
Maintain SALT and WATER BALANCE Promotes SODIUM REABSORPTION in kidneys
74
Besides MINERALCORTICOSTEROIDS, what is another HORMONE involved in WATER REABSORPTION?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
75
What are the TWO (2) ANTAGONISTIC hormones of the PANCREAS?
Insulin | Glucagon
76
This ANTAGONISTIC hormone LOWERS blood GLUCOSE.
Insulin
77
This ANTAGONISTIC hormone INCREASES blood GLUCOSE.
Glucagon
78
GONADS produce what TWO (2) STEROID HORMONES?
Androgens | Estrogens
79
GONADAL SEX HORMONES are STIMULATED by what other 2 hormones?
Follicle-stimulating | Luteinizing

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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