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College Biology & Ecology II > Animal Hormones > Flashcards

Animal Hormones Flashcards

2
Q

Animal Hormones

Performance enhancing drugs and order of the general effect on the body

A

SteroidsTakes testosterone-> binds to cell receptors-> alters gene expression

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3
Q

Animal Hormones

The main effect of steroids and side effects

A

Alters gene expressionCancer and heart,kidney,liver disease

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4
Q

Animal Hormones

Hormones are _____ and what is the speed of its communication and distance in the body it travels

A

Chemical messagesSlowDistance cells of the body

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5
Q

Animal Hormones

Hormones control ________ processes. Not useful for ________

A

Long term physiological processesNot for rapid reactions

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6
Q

Animal Hormones

Endocrine cells ________ into the ____ and ______

A

Secrete hormones into the interstitial space & blood stream (far away)

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7
Q

Animal Hormones

Exocrine cells _____ into ____ connected to the ______

A

Secrete substances into ducts connected to the outside world

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8
Q

Animal Hormones

Epithilial cells

A

Cells that “face” outside world

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9
Q

Animal Hormones

2 types of secreted hormones and general properties they share

A

Autocrine and paracrineReleased in small amounts, inactivated by enzymes, or taken up by local cells.Never get into the circulatory system (blood stream)

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10
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe autocrine hormones

A

Hormones acting on the secreting cell itself. Think “automatic”

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11
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe paracrine hormones

A

Hormones that act on cells near the site of release. Think “para” as “panoramic”

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12
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe circulatory hormones

A

Diffuse into blood streamLatches on to cell receptor to trigger a responseThe same hormone can have different responses

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13
Q

Animal Hormones

Example of a circulatory hormone, how it works, and effects

A

Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)Reaction to emergency causes adrenal cells in the kidney to secrete epinephrineHeart beats faster and strongerBlood vessels constrict to send more blood to musclesGlycogen broken to glucose in liverFats also used for energy (in liver)

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14
Q

Animal Hormones

3 main hormone groups

A

Peptides/proteinsSteroidsAmine hormones

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15
Q

Animal Hormones

Properties of peptide/protein hormonesExamples?

A

Water soluble (polar)Transported by vesiclesReceptors on surface of cellsSignal cascades into the cell Growth hormones and insulin

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16
Q

Animal Hormones

Properties of steroidsExamples

A

Lipid solubleCholesterol are the building blocksMembrane permeabl -can diffuse in and out of cellsNeeds carrier protein in bloodReceptors in cytoplasm and nucleusInteracts with DNA for altering gene expressionSuper small concentrationsEstrogen

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17
Q

Animal Hormones

Properties of amine hormonesExamples

A

Derivatives of amino acid tyrosineBoth lipid and water solubleAdrenaline/epinephrine

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18
Q

Animal Hormones

Peptide hormone receptors are

A

Large Glycoproteins on the cell surface

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19
Q

Animal Hormones

Receptors for steroids

A

Inside cell (cytoplasm/nucleus)Include intercellular receptors that alter gene expression

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20
Q

Animal Hormones

Endocrine glands- describe and how many major glands are there in vertebrates

A

Single cells that secrete hormones that congregate into clusters9 major glands

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21
Q

Animal Hormones

Pituitary gland - describe and locate

A

The link between nervous systemand endocrine glands.At the bottom of the skull and attached to the hypothalamus

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22
Q

Animal Hormones

Two parts of the pituitary gland and what they do

A

Posterior- releases 2 hormones (antidiuretic, oxytocin)-Made by neurons in hypothalamus (neural hormones)-Packaged in vesiclesAnterior-controlled by neurohormones from hypothalamus-releases 4 tropic hormones and other non tropic hormones

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23
Q

Animal Hormones

What are tropic hormones and list the main ones

A

Hormones that control other endocrine glandsArenocortico-tropinThyro-tropinLeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

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24
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe growth hormone and special cases

A

191 amino acidsPromotes growth in tissuesGigantism -too muchDwarfism - too little

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25
Q

Animal Hormones

Describe the pancreas

A

Functions mainly exocrine but endocrine gland as well

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26
Q

Animal Hormones

Where are exocrine products from the pancreas delivered?

A

To the intestine via pancreatic duct

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27
Q

Animal Hormones

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas comprised of?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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28
Q

Animal Hormones

Name the type of cells in islets of Langerhans and what they do

A

Beta cells - produce insulinAlpha cells -produce glucagon

29
Q

Animal Hormones

What type of diabetes destroys islets of Langerhans?

A

Type I diabetes

30
Q

Animal Hormones

Is the maintenance of blood glucose level important?

A

Yes. The body needs to constantlybalance it within a finite range

31
Q

Animal Hormones

T/F : The brain depends almost entirely on glucose as an energy source

A

True

32
Q

Animal Hormones

After a meal ______ levels rise and stimulate ____ to release ______

A

Blood glucose levelsBeta cells to release insulin

33
Q

Animal Hormones

Glucose is converted into

A

Glycogen (muscle) and fat (adipose)

34
Q

Animal Hormones

Fat tissues are also called

A

Adipose tissues

35
Q

Animal Hormones

When blood glucose levels fall ______ release _____ to get the ___ to convert ____ back to _____

A

Alpha cells release glucagon to get the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

36
Q

Animal Hormones

Cellular effects of insulin

A

Glucose uptakeGlycogen and fatty acid synthesisTriggers exocytosis of vesicles containing glucose

37
Q

Animal Hormones

What is GLUT-4?

A

Glucose transporterInside the vesicles that carry glucose

38
Q

Animal Hormones

Raw diabetes definition

A

Excessive urine production

39
Q

Animal Hormones

Raw definition of mellitus

A

Sweet; glucose in urine and blood

40
Q

Animal Hormones

Diabetes + mellitus = (raw definition)

A

Sweet urine

41
Q

Animal Hormones

Type 1 diabetes and what % have it

A

Autoimmune destruction- beta/insulin cells destroyed by the body10%

42
Q

Animal Hormones

Type 2 diabetes and percentage and related symptom

A

Lack of insulin receptors on cells/ cells fail to recognize high glucose levels and don’t secrete insulin90% obesity

43
Q

Animal Hormones

Effects of diabetes

A

FatalityWeaknessLethargyDramatic loss of body mass

44
Q

Animal Hormones

What does diabetes loss of body mass result from?

A

Cells using fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose. Body wastes away and organ/tissue damage

45
Q

Animal Hormones

Different types of diabetic conditions-hypoglycemia -retinopathy-nephropathy-foot-ketoacidosis

A

-insulin takes up too much glucose => leads to coma/death-blindness-damage to kidneys => chronic renal failure-combo of neuropathy and arterial damage => skin infection / gangrene => amputation

46
Q

Animal Hormones

How is norepinephrine related to epinephrine and what else can it do?

A

Similar effects , one les carbon (nor-prefix) , can also be a neurotransmitter

47
Q

Animal Hormones

In the process of creating adrenaline, where are glycogen and fats broken down and what are they broken into?

A

The liver: glucose and triglycerides

48
Q

Animal Hormones

Glucagon also has cascading signals

A

True

49
Q

Animal Hormones

What substances help signal cascading in protein hormones?

A

Kinases and phosphatases

50
Q

Animal Hormones

The axons of the hypothalamus make up the

A

Pituitary gland

51
Q

Animal Hormones

What is oxytocin and where is it made?

A

Hormone secreted by the pituitary and signals bonding and muscle contractions

52
Q

Animal Hormones

What is antidiuretic and where is it made?

A

Also called ADH and its the “water retention” hormone. Pee yellow - high ADH Pee clear - low ADH

53
Q

Animal Hormones

Which hormones are in the gonads?

A

LeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

54
Q

Animal Hormones

Type of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

Portal blood vessels

55
Q

Animal Hormones

Glucagon is used to

A

Increase glucose levels

56
Q

Animal Hormones

Insulin and glucagon are not always present

A

False- they are in different levels to balance the level of blood sugars

57
Q

Animal Hormones

Two ways to store glucose

A

As glycogen in the liverAs fat in adipose tissue

58
Q

Animal Hormones

Fat is present in which types of tissue

A

Skeletal muscleAdipose tissue

59
Q

Animal Hormones

Random related fact: where is the core source of energy?

A

Electrons

60
Q

Animal Hormones

Ketoacidosis

A

Such high glucose levels hat cells don’t recognize it and don’t take up as energy

61
Q

Animal Hormones

Effects of ketoacidosis

A

Cells use fat and proteins as energy (body mass lost)Always hungryHigh osmilarty-cells become dehydratedKetone bodies-side products

62
Q

Animal Hormones

Ketone bodies effect

A

Create protons in the blood so pH decreases in the blood

63
Q

Animal Hormones

When pH decreases in blood..

A

Affinity/effect of hemoglobin decreases. Therefore no oxygen supple to organs = coma

64
Q

Animal Hormones

Another side effect of diabetes directly related to the meaning of diabetes

A

Insipidus -low levels of ADH so body doesn’t conserve water

65
Q

Animal Hormones

All types diabetes can be treated the same

A

False

66
Q

Animal Hormones

Insipidus

A

Excess water loss-diabetes condition

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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