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College Biology & Ecology II > UQ MB II > Flashcards

UQ MB II Flashcards

1
Q

What are reefs mainly composed of?

A

carbonate sand

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2
Q

Define primary production

A

taking atm/oceanic CO2 turning it into organic material

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3
Q

What are the primary producers of the ocean?

A

phytoplankton

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4
Q

Describe BMAs

A

Benthic MicroAlgae

-dinos, diatoms, cyanobact. that well in the sand

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5
Q

Which meiofauna dominate the sand?

A

copepods and nematodes

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6
Q

Describe the significance of holothurians

A
  • benthic detritus feeders
  • eating of BMA regulates bioturbidity and nutrients in water
  • they enhance productivity
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7
Q

Describe the significance of meiofauna

A
  • small benthic invertebrates
  • important in foodchains and eat plankton
  • high turnover: abundance of food
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8
Q

What is a haloe?

A

a geo. structure that is hard rock/coral substrate in the middle and soft sediment surrounding it

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9
Q

Describe DVM

A

Diurnal Vertical Movement

-movement of benthic community into the water column (at night) when predatory pressures are off

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10
Q

What is the key to survival of corals against one another?

A

Growth rate

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11
Q

What are the two types of corals?

A

branching: pioneer type

massive

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12
Q

What is the DAM for corals?

A

attacking with

-mesentaerial filaments, sweeper tentacles/polyps, overgrowth

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13
Q

Are branching or massive coral better fighters?

A

Massive

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14
Q

Describe sweeper tentacles

A

longer projections full of nematocysts and sparocysts for stinging and snaring (attack and feeding)

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15
Q

T/F: DAMs are constantly happening between corals

A

FALSE - only happen when threatened to conserve energy

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16
Q

Which coral species is one of the “best at fighting”

A

Montipera

-large “disposable” army of polyps

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17
Q

What are IAMS of corals?

A

indirect attach mechs

  • overgrowth : block light
  • allelopathy : secrete chemical to keep others from growing around them
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18
Q

Name some outcomes of coral competition

A

standoffs, fusion, changing shape, reorienting growth (avoidance), overgrowth

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19
Q

What is darwins paradox?

A

Much diversity in nutrient poor waters

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20
Q

Two types of herbivory?

A

grazing - “lawn mow” feeding

browsing - selective feeding (damselfish)

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21
Q

Why is grazing important in reefs?

A
  • trophic linkages between producers and consumers
  • promote production and nutrient cycling
  • keep algal population at bay
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22
Q

What is the keystone group of reefs?

A

Grazers (herbivores)

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23
Q

What happens if there are no sea cucumbers or grazers

A

nutrients build up and less light passes through and respiration makes things anoxic which increases the acidity of waters (h. sulfide)

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24
Q

What happens if the water gets disturbed (storm) when there is high nutrient buildup?

A

Nutrients get thrown in the air and the bacteria go crazy and grow and respire making things anoxic (taking all the oxygen) and also secreting toxins (blooms)

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25
Q

5 main fish grazers

A

Rabbit, damsel, blennie, parrot, surgeon

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26
Q

Cons to being an herbivore

A

plant cellulose hard to digest

carbon/nitrogen balance hard to maintain with energy

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27
Q

Plant defenses to grazers

A
  • spikes, skeletons, boring, encrusting, rip stops, inaccessiblity
  • toxins, digestion inhibitors, un-edible parts
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28
Q

What is grazer importance to coral?

A

keeps algal population at bay so it doesnt overgrow coral

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29
Q

Which is more of a concern: the existence of grazers or the nutrient level/being added to systems

A

Nutrient level is the overall concern

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30
Q

T/F: marine grazers perform the most grazing out of any habitat

A

True!

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31
Q

Describe the EAM

A

Epithilial Algal Matrix
-a network of algae that grows together (diatoms, dinos, cyanobact., algal turf)
-traps sediment and detritus
the “salad”

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32
Q

What is the overall effect of grazing?

A

it cycles nutrients rapidly

33
Q

grazing verts are found in ____ waters, inverts in ___ waters

A

tropical waters

temperate waters

34
Q

What are the 3 theories to grazer/croal diversity?

A

1) environmental effects lead to algal productivity
2) temperature effects lead to different morphologies
3) day/season time takes effects on the energy/nutrient budget (net photosynthesis)

35
Q

T/F: most of grazing has been reserached

A

FALSE - 50% has been unexaplined

-grazing is patchy at best and inverts are the next level of research

36
Q

Planktivores are labeled under most what type of fish?

A
  • spiny fin fishes (acanthoptyergians)

- most fish on the reef are these

37
Q

How do planktivores feed?

A

Ram feeding

-swimm with big mouth open with protruding premaxillae jaw

38
Q

Planktivore defense

A

aggression/fast swim speeds (schools)

hiding

39
Q

Where are planktivores usually found?

A

all over the reefs but concentrate where the current comes to the reef

40
Q

Where do planktivores usually feed? Why?

A

on the outer reef on the boarder of swim speed limits where the currents hit the reef (drop off)
-higher quantity/quality of food though more danger (wedding reception analogy)

41
Q

Which planktibvores tend to migrate?

A

larges ones due to not enough space on the reef

-mull around while the current is slow and then active when its fast cuz it brings food

42
Q

What is the status of nutrient levels during day and night?

A

nutrients come in during the day, “leave’ during the night

43
Q

What is the signifcance of grazer/planktivore poop?

A

large food source and big part of nitrogen cycling

44
Q

Describe the behaviour of nocturnal planks

A
  • feed on things in DVM and meroplankton
  • lack protruding jaw
  • eat to keep nutrients from leaving at night
45
Q

What are the two types of plankton?

A

Holoplankton - general plankton

Meroplankton - consist of larvae and stuff not actually plankton

46
Q

How do planks affect the benthic community

A

preventing settlement/recruitment of organisms and poop

47
Q

What is hard about looking at benthic predators

A

not much reserach

-gut purges fast or build up gives false info

48
Q

T/F: rareity is common

A

True - its hard to find exact mates and stuff and whatever on reefs

49
Q

What is the status of nutrient levels during day and night?

A

nutrients come in during the day, “leave’ during the night

50
Q

What is the signifcance of grazer/planktivore poop?

A

large food source and big part of nitrogen cycling

51
Q

Describe the behaviour of nocturnal planks

A
  • feed on things in DVM and meroplankton
  • lack protruding jaw
  • eat to keep nutrients from leaving at night
52
Q

What are the two types of plankton?

A

Holoplankton - general plankton

Meroplankton - consist of larvae and stuff not actually plankton

53
Q

How do planks affect the benthic community

A

preventing settlement/recruitment of organisms and poop

54
Q

what term means they stay the same sex through lifetime?

A

gonochoristic

-but most fish hermaphrodites

55
Q

What process is it when girls turn to guys?

A

Protogynous

56
Q

What is it when guys turn into girls?

A

Protandrous

57
Q

What is the benefit of having very specific reproductiv-ness

A

knowing exactly where a mate will be

58
Q

Describe how fish act in a male dominated system

A

Alpha male

  • as new fish arrive they become female
  • constantly growing to a certain size
59
Q

Describe fish in a female dominated system

A

Queen that lays all the eggs

-new fish stay as juveniles to conserve resources incase one needs to replace her

60
Q

what term means they stay the same sex through lifetime?

A

gonochoristic

-but most fish hermaphrodites

61
Q

Plants turn light into ___

animals take that and turn it into ____

A

chemical energy

movement energy

62
Q

Plankton is distributed by

A

ocean currents ; differs with latitude

63
Q

4 types of plankton

A

diatoms, dinos, cocolithophores, picoppalnkton

64
Q

Describe attributes of fish in the mesopelgic zone

A

big eyes looking up, thin bodies, sharp teech

65
Q

What is the most significant food in the deep ocean

A

marine snow

66
Q

How else can energy be made/stored in the ocean?

A

chemosynthesis of bacteria and organisms oxidizing sulfur/ fixing inorganic carbon from hydrothermal vents that bring up lava that cools

67
Q

Which dermal layer do zooxanthallae reside on?

A

gastrodermis

68
Q

What do coral get from z,xanth what do z.xanth get from coral?

A

coral get photosynthesis and net energy

z.xanth get protection and nitrogen waste

69
Q

How can corals survive bleaching events?

A

if they feed well

70
Q

What is coral in a geographic sense?

A

a water resistant organic structure

71
Q

4 things that affect reef formation

A
  • tem
  • turbidity
  • currents
  • light
72
Q

2 reasons why there is coral diversity

A

geo. history

dispersion

73
Q

3 factors in coral diversity

A

nutrients, symbiosis, recycling

74
Q

locations of nutrient recycling

A

surface, sediments, slicks

75
Q

What do bacteria do in coral mucus

A

prevent harmful microbe from attacking

76
Q

How do greenhouse gasses affect reefs

A
  • temp
  • CO2/acidity
  • storms
  • rising sea level
77
Q

Human activities that eff up reefs

A
  • coastal development
  • land activities
  • sewage
  • boats/ships
78
Q

Fishing activities that eff up reefs

A
  • bomb fishing

- cyanide fishing

79
Q

What is black band disease

A

bacterial growth that prevents growth and kills polyps in that area

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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