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College Biology & Ecology II > Intro to ecology shit > Flashcards

Intro to ecology shit Flashcards

1
Q

Whats exploitation, competition, amensalism, commensalism, and mutualism?

A 
E = +/-
C= -/-
A= 0/-
Comm = 0/-
M = +/+
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2
Q

obligate mutualism vs facultative

A

cannot survive without relationship vs can survive but not as well

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3
Q

What do you need to do before determining organism relationship?

A

Test benefits for both sides

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4
Q

What is the main focuse of ecology

A

negative interactions

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5
Q

Preditor/herbivore-mediate coex; what are the conditions

A

presence of a keystone predator/herbivore that keeps ecosystem and relationships in check
-only if the pred/herb negatively effects the superior sp.

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6
Q

Apparent competition

A

negative affect between sp though not competing directly over a limiting resc.
(maybe through common pred/herb)

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7
Q

What is the outcome of apparent comp?

A

the sp that can have a higher P* (equilibrium) with the predator wins

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8
Q

T/F: apparent comp is linked to explotatin comp

A

FALSE

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9
Q

how to prove it is apparent comp

A

changes in abundance of one prey leads to reduced/increased of the other prey

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10
Q

Whats intraguild predation?

A

Basic: common prey but one of the predators is prey as well for the other predator

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11
Q

What is explotation comp? interference?

A
  • indirect competition (eating more food)

- directly fightng over food/females

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12
Q

How can IG prey exist with IG predator?

A

it is better competitor (lower R*) for the shared resource/common prey
IG pred does not die out because it has two resources (the shared and IG prey)

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13
Q

Why is world green?

A

because preds keept herbs in check

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14
Q

Exploitative Ecosystem Hypothesis

A

each trophic leve alternates between comp and predation

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15
Q

Odd number trophic levels usually end up as

A

green worlds

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16
Q

T/F: Trophic cascades can happen without actually eating prey

A

True : it can just scare away herbs from the area

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17
Q

T/F: cascades cant occur over ecosystems

A

FALSE

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18
Q

If direct links between trophic levels are stronger than IG links then…

A

Regular trophic cascade stuff happening

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19
Q

If the IG is stronger than driect links in the Trophic levels then….

A

it may act in the opposite direction of regular TL if you remove one. (ex: removal of pred may increase plants, even though herbivores will increase)

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20
Q

Rules fro 4 sp, 3 trophic level system

A
  • keystone pred promotes coexistance
  • trophic cascade effect : predation can indirectly increase resource
  • apparent comp : predation on a productive consumer can allow existqace of a less productive consumer
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21
Q

difference between food and interactino web

A

food web only has trophic interactions and describes enery flow and arrows not labled.

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22
Q

Why use foodwebs?

A

easy to make, communicates lots of info (how sp. depend on one another; can make predicitons)

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23
Q

S =
L =
C =
L/S =

A
  • sp. richness
  • trophic links
  • connectance (L/S^2)
  • link density/ trophic link per sp.
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24
Q

consequences through trophic levels

A

-dramatic drop in enery level and biomass to top

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25
Q

What can flip trophic pyramids?

A

if the lower trophic level can support a large number of the level above (1 tree to 20 herbivores)

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26
Q

More productivity will have __ food chains, why?

A

longer

more energy to be transfered to support more biomass; primary production can determine community structure

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27
Q

How would increase in resource abundance affect IG prey and IG pred?

A

R* met for IG prey then pred -> increase in pred -> decrease and eventual extinction of IG prey

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28
Q

If increased prod doesnt increase chain length that much it can increase __ and ___

A

trophic links and sp.

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29
Q

If increasing prod. adds sp. and links, why does food chain not increase as much?

A

though adding new top pred will increase chain…..
-it may change trophic position of top pred instead; add/remove intmd. preds; increase omni of top pred; no change/decrease in chain will occur.

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30
Q

What controls primary productivity?

A

Bottom up effect (odd levels)
(land = soil;temp water= nutrient availibility)

Top-down effect (even levels-complex webs)
-trophic cascades

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31
Q

List the 3 sp. that have single-effects on community structure

A

keystone
ecostystem engineers
dominant sp.

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32
Q

explain keystone sp. comm. structure effect

A

keystone has a disproporitionate effect on organisms

-removal leads to decrease in diversity

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33
Q

Herbivore keystones - how do they do with keystone predictions

A

if low or high density of keyst. then less diversity, more diversity at medium density

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34
Q

How does productivity alter keystone effect?

A

increase resource for prey then increase in kyst. pred overall increase i biomass (higher K)

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35
Q

Removing kyst preds can ____ food webs

A

simplify

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36
Q

Describe eycosystem engineers

A

-modify abiotic environment therfore affects things that live there

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37
Q

Describe allogenic and autogenic

A

Physically change the environment by own actions (worms; beavers)

-change environment through their own structure

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38
Q

Descripe single sp. effect with dominant sp.

A

exerts stron influence on other sp BECAUSE of high biomass

-removal may or maynot have a large effect

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39
Q

descrive mechanism of climate change in relaion to shift in TL and productivity

A

metabolic rates change according to temp; effect of warming depends on botoom up (RC-resource controled) or top down (CC - consumer controled) food web

RC - primary productivity and herbs increase no shift in comm. structure
CC - warming strengthens top down- and shift ratio of herbs to PP (primary producers)

40
Q

Invasive spp can also affect food web by

A

decreasing diversity

41
Q

Robustness =

what kind of webs are more robust?

A

amt of primary sp removal required to lower diversity

-more connected webs ; decreases redundancy

42
Q

Which is more abudnant? weak or strong linkes?

A

weak

43
Q

T/F: lots of weak links make a web more robust

A

True

44
Q

Increasing the predation of a non key pred does what?

A

decreases effect of keyst. pred on the prey

45
Q

how does competition for resources effect the keyst effect

A

it slightly weakens it

46
Q

How does adding trophic lvs change keyst effect

A

it is enhanced in ODD number lvs

decreased in EVEN number lvs due to trophic cascades

47
Q

How does feed web structure alter keyst effect?

A

lowering prey lowers keyst effect, less change in biomass - lower keyst effect

48
Q

Effect of warming on keyst effect

A

warming increases effect on prey

49
Q

Parasites ___ food web links

A

dominate ; increase diversity and connectance

50
Q

What is sp richness

A

number of sp in community

51
Q

what is sp evenness

A

realtive abundance (ratio of one to another)

52
Q

Graph wise, what kind of slope does a more diverse ecosystem have?

A

Smaller the slope the more diverse it is, the more even it is

53
Q

What does the Shannon Wiener index combine?

A

both sp richness and eveness is it he value of the diversity index

54
Q

What is a key factor of stable ecosystems?

A

biodiversity - more sp = less prone to invasion

55
Q

Stuff that affects biodiv. in space and time

A
  • abiotic factors
  • heterogeneity and niches (spatia-temporal)
  • spacial patterns (latitude - area relationships - island biogeog.)
  • succession and stability
56
Q

Abiotic factors influencing species richness

A

temperature and moisture (highest in warm and moist)

57
Q

Competitive exlusion has shown that coexisting sp. have different ____ and ____ allows for more of them

A

niches

environmental heteogeneity

58
Q

Paradox of plankton

A

so many sp of plankton in a simple envrionment (though lots of different nutrient levels for them to exist in)

59
Q

What is the limit to heterogeniety and diveristy

A

lots of hetero low effect area per sp = lower pop = higher extinction risk = lower # spp

60
Q

What does disturbance do

A

perturb stable environments and creating new patches are bare space for r-sp. to colonize

61
Q

Intermediate disurbance hypothesis

A

just enough dist to have most diversity ( r and K )

62
Q

Pred/herb -med coex ____ diversity and competition and invasive pred/competitors _____ it

A

increase

lower

63
Q

Time since perturbation

A

helps determine speciation

-tropics are older/less disturbed; more time for speciation, less ext rates

64
Q

Environmental heterogeniety and plants?

A

one may cause the other, not sure which came first

65
Q

Species area relationships

A

SAR = compare sp richness to the area samples

  • usually from nested sampling areas
  • shows tot. sp. div. and also turnover/composition between adjacent regions
  • S=cA^z (higher z mean greater sp increase per area)
66
Q

Mechs for species-area relationships

A
  • # sp in area is a balance of immigration and extinction
  • larger areas can support larger populations; lower ext rate
  • large areas=big target for colonists
  • large area has greater environmental hetero.
67
Q

Island are ___ than mainland or large islands in speciation

A

steeper (higher z value)

68
Q

Island biogeog. theory

A

the # of sp is controlled by sp. immigration/extinction rates

69
Q

What is immigration rate equation

A 
lambda = I - (I/P)S    I = immigration, P = pool, S = sp. #
Intercept = max immigration rate I
70
Q

ext. rate eq

A

mew = (E/P)S

71
Q

T/F: Area itself, not habitat heterogeniety can have an effect on sp. richness

A

True

72
Q

What is succesison? Primary? Secondary?

A

-change in organism communities following disturbance/creation of new area

  • primary = on newly exposed area
  • secondary = disturbance rattles community
73
Q

Order of succession

A

pinoeer - mid succession - climax sp.

74
Q

Two models of succession

A

facilitation - only pioneer sp. can colonize (environment modified by them)
inhibition- adults (any sp) able to colonize; inhibit colonization of others - more long lived resistant sp.

75
Q

Define biological invasions

A

sp. intentionally or accidentally transported out of native range and spread in new environment

76
Q

Hypothesis why extreme effect of invasive sp.

A

native sp evolved in predator free enviro
apparent competition
disturbance to island ecosystem

77
Q

What aspect of biotic community helps resist invasions

A

species diversity

78
Q

What must be true for the natural enemies hypothesis

A

invader loses predators in exotic area

  • predator had to have limited invaders growth in native area
  • predators in exotic area have not much effect on invader
79
Q

Extinction vs Extirpation

A

disspearance of sp. vs

localized disappearance of all indv. of a population

80
Q

Commonness and Rarity - what 3 factors?

A

geographic range
habitat tolerance
local population size

81
Q

Rarity ex I , I, III conditions

A

large range, broad tolerance, small pop (sensitive to reduced density)

large range, narrow tolerance, large pop (sensitive to reduced area)

small range, narrow tolerance, small pop (very sens, to reduced density and area)

82
Q

What is a metapopulation

A

collection of populations of the same spp that occasionally exchange individuals

83
Q

Explain dynamics of metapopulations

A

large network of patches of suitable land that are separated by unsuitable

  • connected through dispersal (c for colonization)
  • extinction (m = mortality)
84
Q

change in fract of occupied patches per unit of time =

A

fraction on patches taking in colonists x fract unoccupied patches - fract patches that go extinct

85
Q

Extinction rates per island is ____ when there are more sp ____ per sp. on small islands

A

higher

higher

86
Q

Why does extinction rate increase when sp increase on the island?

A

the more sp, the more each pop of each sp must decrease (carrying capacity)

more potential for competitive interactions with higher S

87
Q

How are single populations more prone to extinction than multiple ones with no links?

A

the risk of extinction is “spread”

sp can exist regionally even with high local extinction rates

88
Q

Equilibirum equation for metapopulations

A

1- m/c

89
Q

How to calculate habitat distruction

A

D= V = 1-m/c
says how much it takes to drive to extinction

V*destr = 1- (m/c) -D

90
Q

For metapopulations what is the classic and the IBT suggestions

A

Classic = all patches have equal colonization ability

IBT = more isolated patches have lower probability of being occupied

91
Q

Extinctions need to be _____ across the environment for the metapoulation to persist

A

uncorrelated

92
Q

Describe Source-sink dynamics

A

source patches = at low density w/o immigration population growth is +

sink patches = “” pop growth negative

93
Q

How do sink patches persist

A

Source patches must have emigrants

-the rescue effect

94
Q

What is the “living dead”?

A

spp destined for extinction

95
Q

What is extinciton debt

A

the time it takes to reach a new equilib of sp after destruction

96
Q

What is the relaxation index (I)

A

ratio of # of ext. yet to occur after time (t) to total that will occur

97
Q

Single large vs several small areas for reserves

A

Single small is good for number of spp. an disaster less likely to wipe out

large is better for support and ext reduction for a particular spp. and contiguous area for large biomass

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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