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College Biology & Ecology II > Evolution 131 > Flashcards

Evolution 131 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Theories of evolution are generally a very old science

A

FALSE

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2
Q

Explain original theory by Plato and Aristotle

A

“Cyclical stasis” - everything moved around in a cycle that repeated itself but in a “progressive way”

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3
Q

What is one of the major ideals that prevent the forward movement of the science of evolution

A

The book of genesis/religion

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4
Q

Around what time did evolution start getting accepted?

A

1700s

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5
Q

When was Darwin’s model presented and when was it integrated?

A

1860s

1930s

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6
Q

What was Lamark’s evo therory? Give an example

A

Scala Naturae: organisms start at the bottom of a “escalator” and continuously take steps towards a more perfect form. There were multiple episodes of special creation
-Example- fish all become mammals and start at the same place but not all fish were related and created independently

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7
Q

What was Cuvier’s evo theory?

A

Natural Theology ->Static Perfected Machines: organisms were built as adapted machines to their environment. Only way to get something new is to wipe out the existing and something new will be created in its place.

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8
Q

What was the ideal of Natural Theology?

A

the world was a “perfectly tuned machine” with everything in harmony with each other, no competition, no evolution
“A place for everything and everything in it’s place”

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9
Q

What was Darwin’s evo theory?

A

“natural selection” - world was in harsh competitive equilibrium. race of adaptation leads to both extinction and speciation

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10
Q

What was wrong with Darwin’s model at the time

A

It was not proveable at the time and went against the major church teaching which was powerful at the time

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11
Q

______ is the central organizing concept in bio.

A

Evolution

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12
Q

Evolution is based on the principles of what? and What does it operate on?

A

Genealogical continuity, variation, sorting by natural process
-all this operates on spatial and temporal scales to produce diversity and pattern.

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13
Q

Generally how would evolution be static under Darwin’s theory?

A

if a beneficial variation gets lost in the next generations

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14
Q

Pre-mendelian genetics assumed that features of parents were ____ in offspring leading to ____ of certain traits

A
  • blended

- dilution

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15
Q

Mendel showed that genes _________ across generations

A

retained their IDS across generation

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16
Q

novel phenotypes arise through what?

A
  • recombination (meisos-gametosis- alleles)

- mutation

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17
Q

T/F: DNA is an unstable molecule subject to many factors

A

FALSE - it is relatively stable

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18
Q

How do mutations come about (in respect to DNA and nucelotide base-pairs)

A

errors in “coding’ aren’t caught and translated into genetic material (base subs, base insertions/deletions, inversions, duplications)

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19
Q

What do mutations do in respect to chromosomes/loci?

A

moves gene segments or single/multiple loci within the chromosomes

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20
Q

What does it mean that mutations aren’t truly random?

A

some loci have more of chance to have mutations but still has no significant impact

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21
Q

Mutations are random with respect to _____

A

adaptation

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22
Q

T/F: Most mutations are neutral/deleterious and rarely result with benefit

A

True!

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23
Q

How does the chance of a beneficial mutation occurring increase?

A

build up of neutral/nearly-neutral mutations acted on by GSE over time

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24
Q

What is gametogensis?

A

Process of meiosis where diplod cells divide to produce haploid gametes

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25
Q

What mixes up existing genetic variation/the existing gene pool of variation?

A

recombination (sex)

  • independent assortment
  • crossing over
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26
Q

In reproduction, what is driving recombination forces produce the immense variation of gentotypes among gametes?

A
  • crossovers

- independent assortment of maternal/paternal chromatids

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27
Q

Fusion of gemetes of different individuals further increases ______

A

genetic diversity

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28
Q

Where does recombination get its genetic info?

A

the pool of existing alleles (including conserved mutations)

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29
Q

What accounts for most of the genetic diversity of a population at a given time?

A

Recombination

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30
Q

What is the source of genetic variation?

A

MUTATIONS

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31
Q

How were mutations experimentally used?

A

to define gene actions and where they reside

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32
Q

What are the “classical” and “balanced” school of population genetic theory?

A

check handout

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33
Q

According to experiments that support the “balanced” school what percent of loci from studied organisms had 2 or more allelic forms? They were heterozygous from what percent of their loci?

A

20-85%

5-20%

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34
Q

What does the HW equilibrium tell us?

A

What the predicted frequencies of genes will be in the next generation

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35
Q

What does HW prove in respect to recombination?

A

sexual reproduction does not constantly drive evolution (alter genotype frequencies)

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36
Q

T/F: HW shows that no real evolution is going on

A

True

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37
Q

What are the requirements for HW rule?

A
  • Pop size is infinite
  • equal sex ratios w/ random mating (no sexual selection)
  • no gene flow (immigration/emmigration of genotypes
  • no natural selection
  • no mutation or its canceled out
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38
Q

HW rules states that genotype freq will reach equilibrium state in _________

A

a single generation

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39
Q

Why is HW still useful even though it never really happens?

A
  • “close enough” only a small sample is taken so there is a large buffer for error that covers up the effects of the violations
  • helps realized the violating factors are the mechanisms for evolution
40
Q

T/F: Most of the time loci DO NOT adhere to HW.

A

FALSE: most go along with HW predictions, only large events are detected

41
Q

What does it mean when HW has “no memory”

A

It only includes the genes in the pool that are present at the moment
-if genes are added/removed it will reach a new equilibrium in the next generation, disregarding any genes that existed before

42
Q

What are the random factors that drive evolution? (disturb H-W)

A

GSE
(founder effect, bottlenecking, drift)
Mutation (minor)

43
Q

What are the directional factors that drive evo?

A 
Gene flow (not really
sexual selection
natural selection
44
Q

GSE is ____ related to population size

A

inversly

45
Q

What is GSE?

A

random effects that reduce the pool of existing genetic variation

46
Q

When does GSE usually occur?

A

When the population size is small that only a small set of genes can be expressed

47
Q

What are the subcategories of GSE?

A

Genetic drift is the title but is also broken down

  • Founder effect
  • Bottlenecking
48
Q

T/F: GSE strongly effects specific types of populations in specific situations?

A

FALSE: most natural pops are strongly effected (on a spatial and temporal scale)

49
Q

What is founders effect?

A

When a pop is established by a small number of colonists, those reproduce with only a small subset of genes and technically have lost variation present in the larger population and end up developing a different genetic code

50
Q

What is bottleneck effect?

A

Pop is reduced dramatically due to some effect and lots of genes and variation are lost and freq altered dramatically

51
Q

How can genes be re-introduced/restored?

A

Gene Flow - immigration of genes back into the population

52
Q

What aspect of evolution is an important counterbalance in microevolutionary dynamics? Why?

A

gene flow

  • it can restore genes lost for any reason and it “promotes” genetic homogeneity of populations
  • it can dull the effects of natural selection
53
Q

When is gene flow usually negated?

A

Geographic isolation

54
Q

What is gene flow?

A

the immigration and emmigration of individuals carrying/bringing in/out genes with them

55
Q

Speciation is tied to the negation of _____

A

gene flow

56
Q

What is the problem of gene flow on large population scales?

A

Its not able to counteract the genetic drive/structuring of populations created by natural selection and genetic drift

57
Q

HW is disrupted by what 4 factors?

A

mutation
genetic sampling error
gene flow
selection

58
Q

What out of the 4 HW violations alter allele freq at random?

A

GSE, mutation, GF

59
Q

Selection is oriented with respect to ______ and serves to counteract the influences of ____,___, and __.

A

adaptation

GSE mutation GF

60
Q

What is the prime driver in evolutionary change? why?

A

Selection

it diversifies organisms through promoting adaptation to divergent modes of life

61
Q

Selection is meaningless when it does not involved _____

A

genetic variation

62
Q

T/F: in variation, the variants are rarely ever equal in adaptive value

A

True!

63
Q

What is the expression for the relative difference in variation of individuals

A

fitness

64
Q

What is selection equal?

A

1- fitness (w)

65
Q

What are the three key aspects of the relation between fitness and selection

A

1) fitness is expressed in terms of reproductive success (with a allele or genotype)
2) selection OCCURS to INDIVIDUALS
3) selection happens anytime before the complete creation of the next individual (aka sperm/seeds affected as well)

66
Q

Why is fitness only expressed in terms of reproduction?

A

Non-survival matters only in its implications for reproduction (one who makes more with adequate genes is more fit than one with “better”genes and does without descendants)

67
Q

Does selection act or occur? To alleles or individuals?

A

OCCURS to INDIVIDUALS (mainly)

alleles = long term

68
Q

What are fitness components?

A

attributes that affect reproductive success in organisms

69
Q

Each fitness component is given a _____ which reflects

A

value that reflects relative reproductive success of any variant states

70
Q

The fitness of an individual is equal to _______ in a set of fitness components

A

the lowest value (in the set)

71
Q

T/F: Overall fitness can be measured directly

A

FALSE : its a prediction of the future using the measured appropriate fitness components of the present

72
Q

______ may stabilize, direct, or disrupt the existing pattern of genetic variation in a pop through time

A

selection

73
Q

Rate of evo change is dependent on (2 general things)

A
  • intensity of selection

- contributions of random influences (GSE, mutation, GF)

74
Q

Population size plays a critical role in defining the effects of _____, below a certain size ______ becomes too weak to direct evolutionary change

A

GSE

selection

75
Q

What is “stabilizing selection?”

A

fitness value and genotype freq distributions overlap

-the dominant mode where the general pop. reaches a moderate lv of adaptation to the environment.

76
Q

What is “directional selection”?

A

fitness values and genotype freq distributions are offset

-over time the offset will fall back into stability (normal things happening)

77
Q

What is “disruptive selection?”

A

directional selection where are multiple peaks in the distribution of fitness values; genotypes diverge and create “separate morphs”

78
Q

_____ is the consequence of indv differences in fitness

A

natural selection

79
Q

Fitness is a relative measure of ________ which depends on both ______ and the ______ at the given time.

A

individual (genotypical) reproductive success

  • genetic composition of the pop
  • state of environment
80
Q

T/F: if population or environment changes, fitness still remains the same

A

FALSE: it changes and can change multiple times in a lifetime

81
Q

Define adapataion

A

a feature (BPM) that improves ability to come with a physical/biotic environmental condition

82
Q

T/F: an adaptation is always the result of selection

A

True! they cannot be deleterious

83
Q

Adaptations are defined in reference to ____ and _____

A

the environment and others in the population

84
Q

What is the difference between fitness and adaptation? (refer to lect. 6 tables)

A

It is an absolute term, multiple individuals can have the same values for adaptation or many adaptations

85
Q

T/F: two individuals may have the same fitness values

A

FALSE: in terms of value one has to be at least slightly better in a certain fitness component

86
Q

T/F: only genotypes (alleles in long term) can have fitness

A

True!

87
Q

Adaptation of a pop or species is simply what?

A

the sum of the results of selection occurring at an individual level

88
Q

T/F: fitness and adaptation refer to the same things

A

FALSE

89
Q

Explain how a high fitness genotype can have low adaptation.

A

Birds with flamboyant colors to attract females also attract predators

90
Q

What is the mice example of high fitness but low adaptation? (double check with notes later)

A

Mice with Tt genes with “t” giving sperm that is better at fertilizing eggs but those born homozygous “tt” are fertile or die

91
Q

What is the “runaway” process?

A

when female sexual selection causes male attributes to be so extreme it reduces adaptation greatly to the environment

92
Q

Adaptive strategies of organisms depend on? (2 things)

A
  • how the organism perceives the environment

- predictability/stability of limiting resources

93
Q

What are fine and coarse grained species?

A 
fine = uniform environment perceived
coarse = patchy environment perceived
94
Q

Fine grain species are generalist or specialists? Coarse grain?

A

generalist

specialist

95
Q

What conditions promote r-strategists? K-strategists?

A

unpredictable/unstable = r

opposite for K

96
Q

What strategy does predictable,unstable conditions promote

A

z-strategist

97
Q

What is z-strategist?

A

ones that have slowly diminishing populations that wait for better conditions to come back (double check this)

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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