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College Biology & Ecology II > EEMB 3: Microbial Biology > Flashcards

EEMB 3: Microbial Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is mineralizing

A

conversion of organic matter to inorganic substiuents

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2
Q

What performs minerlization

A

microbes

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3
Q

T/F: The body consists of as many microbes as human cells

A

FALSE a lot more microbes

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4
Q

T/F: Microbes help perform bodily fucntions

A

True

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5
Q

“the invisible presence”

A

microbes

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6
Q

the life force of the planet

A

microbes

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7
Q

The origins of life are based on

A

First principles

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8
Q

Name the hypothesis of water

A

degassing-condensation

comets and asteroids bringing ice

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9
Q

The first microfossils appeared when

A

3.5-3.8 bya

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10
Q

6 essential characteristics of life

A
  • membrane
  • aqueous
  • catalysts
  • energy flow/storage
  • anabolic pathways (polymerizing molecules)
  • RNA/DNA
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11
Q

describe the membrane characteristic

A

layer separating outer environment and inner

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12
Q

describe aqueous

A

water-based organism

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13
Q

describe catalysts

A

speed up reactions

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14
Q

describe energy flow/storage

A

metabolism (ATP -> ADP Pi)

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15
Q

describe anabolic pathways

A

monomers -> macromolecules

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16
Q

describe RNA/DNA

A

info carriers/storage + translation apparatus

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17
Q

Name the 3 Theories of life

A

Gaia Hypothesis
Vital Force View
Mechanistic View

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18
Q

What is the Gaia Hypothesis

A

earth is a living entity - its biosphere maintains its homeostasis

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19
Q

What is the Vital Force View

A

science cannot explain life forces (not testable) and does not include physics and chemistry

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20
Q

What is the Mechanistic View

A

Life is chemically based with same chemicals from environment, just in a particular and unique arrangement

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21
Q

Can some forms of life form from inanimate matter?

A

Nopes

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22
Q

Which two guys disproved spontaneous generation

A

Redi and Pasteur

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23
Q

Redi’s exp

A

flies and rotten meat in a jar

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24
Q

Pasteurs exp

A

Broth and swan-neck flask

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25
Q

Origins Hypothesis I is

A

panspermia

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26
Q

What is panspermia

A

extra terrestrial life was brought here in the form of germs/spores

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27
Q

Origins Hypothesis II is

A

Chemical Evolution (life is unique to Earth)

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28
Q

Stages of Chemical Evolution

A

1) Nucleotide/Amino Acid formation
2) Polymerization
3) Polymers in membranes
4) Living

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29
Q

Explain the 3 ways of nucelotide/amino acid formation

A

E.T. input -> water and organic material delivered by comets and asteroids

Reducing atmosphere air contained CH4 NH3 CO2 H2S, H2, NOO2

Hydrothermal Vents: Chemicals interact with energy from heat (CH4 NH3)

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30
Q

Explain the stage of polymerization

A

[difficult with no enzymes present]

Energy for polymerization could be possible from:

1) pyrite
2) hydrothermal vents
3) hot pools

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31
Q

What is pyrite

A

sillicate in clay that condense to catalyze

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32
Q

what is a hydrothermal vent

A

vent that consists of metas, iron and nickel, that could catalyze

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33
Q

What are hot pools

A

places where water evaporates and leaves more concentration of materials to interact with each other

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34
Q

Explain the stage of polymers in membranes

A

Membranes form around the polymers and the result is a protobiont

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35
Q

What is a protobiont?

A

aggregate of organic molecules that perform metabolism

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36
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down materials

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37
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesizing materials

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38
Q

What are coacervates

A

specific protobionts that have lots of sugars and proteins

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39
Q

What is the coacervates relationship to the environment?

A

its internal chemistry is sginificantly different than the surrounding environment

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40
Q

The catalyst that allowed protobionts to become living

A

RNA ribosyme (ribosome)

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41
Q

Information carriers in the living microbe

A

RNA and (Hydrogen bonds)

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42
Q

T/F: Ribozyme is an enzyme

A

FALSE it is only made of nucleotides (amino acids) not proteins

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43
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking down materials

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44
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesizing materials

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45
Q

What are coacervates

A

specific protobionts that have lots of sugars and proteins

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46
Q

What is the coacervates relationship to the environment?

A

its internal chemistry is sginificantly different than the surrounding environment

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47
Q

The catalyst that allowed protobionts to become living

A

RNA ribosyme (ribosome)

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48
Q

Information carriers in the living microbe

A

RNA and DNA

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49
Q

T/F: Ribozyme is an enzyme

A

FALSE it is only made of nucleotides (amino acids) not proteins

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50
Q

Other things that allowed microbes to be classified as living

A

RNA/DNA (hydrogen bonds) (translation/transcription apparatus)

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51
Q

Two forms of dating

A

relative and absolute

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52
Q

Relative dating

A

straiographic layers (sediment layers and fossils)

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53
Q

Absolute dating

A

Half-life (radioactive isotopes)

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54
Q

Linnaen Classification

A

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species (most specific)

KPCOFGS

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55
Q

Characteristics conserved over all 3 domains

A 
RNA/DNA
Translation/Transcription apparatus
Glycolysis
Ribosomes
Semi-conserved DNA Replication
Plasma Membranes
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56
Q

Which of the 3 domains is most different from the others

A

bacteria (archaea and eukarya most similar)

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57
Q

Evolutionary Distance

A

different base pairs/ total base pairs (presented in %)

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58
Q

What are all prokaryotes?

A

Microbes

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59
Q

What is the size range of prokaryotes?

A

100 nm to 100 micrometers

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60
Q

What portion of Eukaryotes are microbes? Examples?

A

1/3

Protists and fungi

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61
Q

What is the advantage prokaryotes have over multi-cellular eukaryotes?

A

Individual cells can survive by themselves (while other cells need to communicate)

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62
Q

Advantages to being small

A

less competition for space
smaller surface area/volume to move nutrients, excrete waste
less nutrients needed to maintain

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63
Q

Phytoplankton is what percent of the earths biomass? What % of the Earths oxygen do they produce?

A

0.2% biomass

45-5-% oxygen

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64
Q

What type of organism is phytoplankton?

A

photoautorophs

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65
Q

What type of organism is bacterial plankton?

A

heterotroph

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66
Q

2 other names for autotrophs, derived from what?

A

chemo-autotrophs
chemo lithotrophs

derived from converting inorganic materials and CO2 –> organic and oxygen

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67
Q

What are ribozymes?

A

selt-catalyzing strands of RNA that also carry information

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68
Q

Proteins become specific to

A

control reactions

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69
Q

RNA folding leads to

A

stabilization of H-bonds in 3D form

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70
Q

What is a reducing atmosphere?

A

Atmosphere created by desne gasses (volcanic out-gassing)

H2O, ClH2, CH4, H2S, NH3, CO2

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71
Q

Miller-Urey experiment? Did it work?

A

Emulated conditions of early Earth (reducing atmosphere) to try and create organic compounds.
Produced nucleotides and AAS

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72
Q

Nucleotides and AAs are precursors for

A

DNA and proteins/enzymes

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73
Q

Hydrothermal vents created first organic compounds through (specific terminology)

A

Thermal gradients and “plume chemistry”

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74
Q

Some factors for extinction and evolution

A

continental drift, climate change, volcanic activiy, unidirectional change in O2, external events.

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75
Q

Taxonomy

A

Theory and practice of classifying organisms

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76
Q

Phylogeny

A

classifying organism based on evolutionary history

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77
Q

Systematics

A

the science of studying diversity of organisms and reconstructing phylogeny

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78
Q

2 ways changes in living organisms happen

A

Genetic exchange

Environmental change

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79
Q

Properties of rRNA that help construct phylogenies

A

its a structural gene
highly conserved
sufficient variability

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80
Q

T/F: Not all prokaryotes are microbes

A

FALSE

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81
Q

How many entire domains are microbes?

A

2 (bacteria and archaea)

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82
Q

Domains are set based on which rRNA gene sequences?

A

16s and 18s

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83
Q

Characteristics of Microbes

A

sing cell or cluster
stand alone organisms
capable of living independent of tissue (growth, energy generation, reproduction)

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84
Q

Traits that set microoganisms

A

metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, movement, evolution

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85
Q

Common features all microbes share

A

live in water
food for higher trophic levels
small

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86
Q

T/F: Microbes are not the most abundant organisms in the biosphere

A

FALSE they are bro

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87
Q

T/F: Microbes have a vast physiological diversity (functions)

A

True

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88
Q

2 physiologies of Macrobes

A

photosynthesis (chloroplasts)

heterotroph (mitochondria)

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89
Q

2 basic metabolic strategies

A

photosynthesis

respiration

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90
Q

Another name for photosynthesis and formula. Example?

A

photoautotrophy
CO2 + nutrients –> organic matter + O2
Phytoplankton

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91
Q

Another name for respiration and formula. Example

A

Heterotrophy
organic matter + O2 -> CO2 + nutrients
Bacterioplankton

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92
Q

What is the base of the food web at Hydrothermal vents?

A

Sulfur oxidizing bacteria

H2S + 2O2 –> SO4 + 2H

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93
Q

The element most associated with mircobes

A

nitrogen

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94
Q

Macro nutrients

A

C,H,O,N,P,S

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95
Q

T/F: Cells are at equilibrium

A

FALSE, they are non-equilibrium systems

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96
Q

5 Huge impacts of microbes

A 
Majority of earths biomass
Various functionality
Biogeochemical agents
Control human history
Industry
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97
Q

Advances in microbiology come from

A

technological develoments

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98
Q

Most early microbe work focused on aspects related to

A

humans

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99
Q

How old of a science is microbiology?

A

young science

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100
Q

Who created the first microscope

A

Leeuwenhoek

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101
Q

What did he call the first observed bacteria

A

animicules

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102
Q

What is a major technological development in the microbiology world?

A

optics

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103
Q

2 terms of microscopy?

A

magnification

resolution

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104
Q

Magnification does what?

A

increase the viewing size ONLY

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105
Q

Resolution does what

A

distance between two points, used to gain information

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106
Q

Disproved spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur and Redi

107
Q

Got microbes into culture

A

Pasteur

108
Q

Worked on vaccination

A

Pasteur

109
Q

proved microbes were responsible for degradation.

A

Pasteur

110
Q

showed different microbes made different products

A

Pasteur

111
Q

Guy who started medical microbiology

A

Koch

112
Q

Who developed pure culture technique

A

Koch

113
Q

Who was an environmental micobiologist

A

Winogradsky, Beijernick

114
Q

What is chemolithotrophy

A

obtaining energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds (CO2 as carbon source)

115
Q

Organisms who use chemolithotrophy are

A

autotrophs

116
Q

Who developed the idea of chemolithotrophy

A

Winograsky

117
Q

Who developed enrichment cultures

A

beijernick

118
Q

whats enrichment culturing

A

eh?

119
Q

Who used rRNA genes to construct phylogenies

A

Woese

120
Q

Who created PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A

Mullis

121
Q

What polymerase is used in PCR

A

Taq polymerase

122
Q

Attributes of Taq Polymerase

A

thermally stable

123
Q

Who discovered Taq Polymerase? From where?

A

Brock and Freeze

Isolated from hot springs

124
Q

Cultivation independent techniques formed by who?

A

Pace

125
Q

How to ID an organism via rRNA genes

A

1) isolate plasmids
2) Sequence
3) Assess variability
4) construct phylogeny

126
Q

What is genome?

A

entire genetic make-up (sequence) of an organism

127
Q

Metagenome is?

A

study of genomic material from a mixed population

128
Q

Steps of Random Shotgun Sequencing Approach

A

1) library construction
2 DNA sequencing
3) Assemble fragments

129
Q

Main attributes of prokaryotes (3 things)

A

cell walls
no organelles (no microtubules)
nucleoid and free ribosomes (ciruclar DNA)

130
Q

Main attributes of eukaryotes (3 things)

A

organelles
cytoskeleton-microtubules
can digest material internally

pretty much opposite of prokaryotes

131
Q

What is lateral gene DNA transfer?

A

the gene of one species incorporated into another

132
Q

3 mechanisms for prokaryotic gene recombination

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

133
Q

DNA transfer for eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes - sexual

prokaryotes - asexual

134
Q

3 main shapes of prokaryotes

A

Cocci - sphere
Bacilli - rod
Spirochetes - spiral

135
Q

Describe Bacteria cell membrane. What type of linkage?

A 
phospholipid bilayer (glycerol, fatty acid, membrane protein)
Ester Linkage
136
Q

Describe archaea cell membrane. What type of linkage?

A

phospholipid mono- or bilayer, NO fatty acids

ether linkage

137
Q

2 types of bacteria

A

Gram +

Gram -

138
Q

What process is used to separate bacteria into 2 groups? What group retains what color?

A

Gram staining
Gram+ = violet
Gram- = pink/red

139
Q

Properties of Gram +

A

simple thick cell wall
less phsiologically diverse
exotoxins

140
Q

Properties of Gream -

A

more complex
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) attached
endotoxins

141
Q

Bacteria cell wall is made of

A

peptidoglycan

142
Q

what is peptidoglycan cell wall made of?

A

muramic acid

143
Q

T/F: Archaea also have organisms with peptidoglycan walls

A

FALSE

144
Q

How to differentiate bacteria from archaea?

A

Use a strong base and see reaction (reacts with acid wall in bacteria and bubbles)

145
Q

Nutritional requirements for anabolism

A

Energy and carbon

146
Q

If an organism uses CO2 it is an _____ if it uses organic C it is a ____

A

autotroph

heterotroph

147
Q

T/F: All organisms generate ATP

A

True

148
Q

What is fermentation

A

substrate level phsophorylation

no electron acceptor

149
Q

What is Oxidative/Electron Transport Level Phosphorylation (ETLP) ( 2 types)

A

Anerobic - use non O2 elements as e- receptor

Aerobic - uses O2 as e- acceptor

150
Q

The ETLP uses what two forces to create ATP

A

electron transport system

proton motive force

151
Q

What is photophosphorilation?

A

light energy generates a proton gradient and proton motive force

152
Q

What force drives photophosphorilation

A

proton motive force

153
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

electron carriers are oriented in the membrane that separate protons from e-

154
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin?

A

a protein used (by archae) in synthesis of ATP withouth chlorophyll pigment

155
Q

Primitive photophosphorlyation?

A

pretty much photosynthesis

156
Q

What bacteria are phototrophs?

A

purple and green bacteria

157
Q

Phototropic properties of purple and green bacteria

A

anaerobic, photosystem I anoxygenic

158
Q

What are purple sulfur bacteria? (in terms of trophic level)

A

photoAUTOtophs

bacteria that use CO2 to split H2S and H2 instead of water

159
Q

What are purple non sulfur bacteria? (in terms of trophic level)

A

photoHETEROtrophs

use light and organic carbon

160
Q

What are cyanobacteria?

A

bacterial that go through photosynthesis
(obligate photoautotrophs)
(a huge source of O2 on earth, one of the first to largely produce O2)

161
Q

What attacks bonds of organic matter?

A

oxygen

162
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Organic C + O2 –> CO2 + water

163
Q

Microaerophiles

A

aerobic respiration

164
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

Respiration with O2

Fermentation with out it

165
Q

Obligate anerobe

A

Anerobic respiration

sulfate oxidation/fermentation

166
Q

Examples of Chemoautotrophs

A

Sulfur oxidizers (microbial miners)

167
Q

conversion formula for sulfur oxidizers and where are they found

A

H2S + 2O2 -> SO4 + 2H

hydrothermal communities

168
Q

A majority of prokaryotes are what?

A

chemoheterotrophs

169
Q

Examples of chemoheterotrophs

A

Saprobes

Parasites

170
Q

What to saprobes feed on?

A

dead organic matter

171
Q

Type of microbes in relation to increasing temperature

A

psychophiles <0-20
mseophiles 20-48
thermophiles 42-68
hyperthermophile 65-110

172
Q

3 Main domains

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

173
Q

How many branches of bacteria are there and what are they?

A 
5
Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Firmicutes
Spirochetes
Chlamydias

CCFPS

174
Q

How many branches of Archaea and what are they?

A

2 branches

Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota

175
Q

Sub-categories of proteobacteria

A

purple bacteria
rhizobium
enteric bacteria

176
Q

Firmicutes are what type of bacteria and what do they consist of?

A

Low gram positive (GC)

endospores

177
Q

Spirochetes and Chlamydias are what type of bacteria?

A

Gram negative

178
Q

Crenarchaeota properties

A

hyperthermophiles

acidophiles

179
Q

Euryarchaeota properties

A

methanogens (produce methane)

halophiles

180
Q

History wise, what are protists?

A

ancient eukaryotes

181
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
organizedd nucleus
ribosome studded internal membrane
cytoskeleton
digestive vesicles
organelle formation
182
Q

What environment are most protists?

A

aquatic environments

183
Q

T/F: Protists only have one source of nutrition

A

FALSE they got nutritional diversity

184
Q

Protozoas are similar to ____ and algae to ____

A

animal like

plant like

185
Q

Locomotion for protists

A

pseudopod
cilia
flagella

186
Q

Method of ingestion of protozoa and its subcategories

A

Endocytosis

  • pinocytosis (dissolving)
  • phagocytosis (englufing whole)
187
Q

The contractile vacuole of the protists does what?

A

assist in osmoregulation

188
Q

T/F: Most protists have similar cell surfaces

A

FALSE, they are diverse

189
Q

What are endosymbionts? and do protists fall under the category?

A

organisms that live within other organisms

yes protists are included

190
Q

Sarcodines are a class of

A

amoeba (pseudopods)

191
Q

Examples of Endosymbionts

A

forminifera
radiolarians
acantharia

192
Q

What is the reproduction process of protists? Is it sexual?

A

Asexual

It is sexual but NOT a “sexual” process

193
Q

Genetic recombination of protists is called

A

conjugation

194
Q

T/F: protist life cycles don’t have an alternation of generations

A

False!

195
Q

2 types of alternation of generations and what do they do?

A

heteromorphic - haploid and diplod are different

isomorphic - haploid and diploid are the same

196
Q

Describe Diplomonads and parabasalids

A

lack mitochondria

obligate parasites

197
Q

Describe Euglenids

A

no cell wall

heterotrophic and photoautotrophic

198
Q

What is bacteriorhodopsin

A

synthesis of ATP without chlorophyll pigment using light

199
Q

Bacteriorrhodopsin use ____ phosphorliation, What is that?

A

Primitive

absorb light and pump protons out for a gradient to make ATP

200
Q

What groups are closely related to dinoflagellates?

A

Ciliates and apicomplexans (Plasmodium)

201
Q

Describe dinoflagellates

A 
2 flagella of different sizes
bioluminescent
red tides
endosymbionts
auto, mixo, and heterotrophs
202
Q

What type of eukaryote causes malaria?

A

Apicomplexans

203
Q

In the Theory of Endosymbiosis aquisition of what leads to protozoa/animals and algae/plants

A

proteobacteria and cyanobacteria

204
Q

What type of protist has two types of nuclei?

A

Ciliates

205
Q

Conugation is what type of protists way of genetic recombination?

A

paramecia

206
Q

Alveolates include which protists?

A

Dinoflagellates and apicomplexas

207
Q

Phytoplankton is what type of protist?

A

dinoflagellates

208
Q

Paicomplexans are ___ of animals which use ___ for reproduction

A

parasites

spores

209
Q

the defining structures of the apicomplexas is the ____ use to ___

A

apical complex that is used to burrow into host tissue or cells

210
Q

T/F: Apicomplexas have a simple life cycle

A

FALSE, its intricate

211
Q

Two types of stramenopila

A

diatoms, brown algae

212
Q

Properties of diatoms

A

cartenoids, yellow/brown, silica shells, important marine phytoplankton, asexual/sexual reproduction, harmful algal blooms

213
Q

Properties of brown algae

A

photoautotrophs
fucoxanthin pigment
multicellular (seaweed)

214
Q

Describe Coccolithophorids (haptophytes)

A

foudn in calcium carbonate plates ) coccoliths
auotorophic
ocean acidification will have major effect

215
Q

Eukaryote group plantae is the ____ to all plants

A

precursor

216
Q

Ancestral trait of plantae

A

endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria to make chloroplasts

217
Q

Another name for green algae

A

chlorophytes

218
Q

The red algae, and the key pigment that makes it red

A

rhodophyta

phycoerythrin

219
Q

Do rhodophyta have flagellated stages? Are the multi or unicellular or both? What chemical do they secrete

A

NO
all multicellular
calcium carbonate

220
Q

Properties of excavates and what groups of protists do they include?

A 
-mostly heterotrophs
include:
-kinetoplastids
-diplomonads
-euglenids
221
Q

Properties of Rhizaria

A

marine
most heterotrophic
-ameoboids with complex shell-skeletons
include: forminifera and radiolarins

222
Q

What are the radiolaria and forminifera shell-skeletons made out of?

A

raidolaria - silica

forminifera - Calcium carbonate

223
Q

Two groups of unikonts

A

ameobozoa

choanoflagellida

224
Q

Describe ameobozoa

A

move by pseudopods
heterotrophic - phagocytosis

Ex: plasmodial slime molds

225
Q

Describe choanoflagellida

A

closest relative to animals

similar to sponges (colonial)

226
Q

Fugi are ____trophic. And in which domain?

A

heterotrophic/chemoorganotrophic
Ekaryotes (unikonts)
can be unicelluar or multi

227
Q

Relationships of fungi to other organisms

A

saprobic
parasitic
mutualistic

228
Q

Fungi have ____ in cell walls

A

Chitin

229
Q

What do fungi produce for reproduction?

A

spores

230
Q

T/F: Fungi have tolerance to hypertonic environments as well as low and high temperatures

A

True!

231
Q

Fungi are good ____ and produce _____ chemical byproducts

A

degraders and produce secondary chemical byproducts

232
Q

T/F: Fungi can alternate between uni- and multicellular form and unicellular members are present in all fungal groups

A

True

233
Q

How do fungi alternate between uni- and multicellular forms?

A

alternation of generations

234
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

the body of a multicellular fungus

235
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

associations between vascular plant roots and fungal mycelia

236
Q

Different characteristics of hyphae

A

spetate- incomplete cross walls (pores)

Coenocytic - no septa

Haustroia- push into cells - parasite

237
Q

Fungi multiply by ____ and ____

A

reporduction and sporulation

238
Q

Dikaryote stage is seen in ____ fungi

A

higher “crown”

239
Q

Fruiting bodies are called

A

sporangia

240
Q

Hyphae are what part of the fungi

A

the “roots”

241
Q

Fungi are good ____ and produce _____ chemical byproducts

A

degraders and produce secondary chemical byproducts

242
Q

T/F: Fungi can alternate between uni- and multicellular form and unicellular members are present in all fungal groups

A

True

243
Q

How do fungi alternate between uni- and multicellular forms?

A

alternation of generations

244
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

the body of a multicellular fungus

245
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

associations between vascular plant roots and fungal mycelia

246
Q

Different characteristics of hyphae

A

spetate- incomplete cross walls (pores)

Coenocytic - no septa

Haustroia- push into cells - parasite

247
Q

Fungi are tolerant to ____-tonic environments and high/low ____

A

hypertonic

high and low temperatures

248
Q

the prime terrestrial remineralizers

A

Fungi

249
Q

T/F: Not all fungi are heterotrophs

A

False - they all are

250
Q

Fungi reproduce asexually in _____ conditions while sexual in ____ conditions

A

asexual - favorable

sexual - unfavorable

251
Q

T/F: Mating for fungi are based one male and female

A

False- mating TYPES

252
Q

Instead of a diploid phase (2n) fungi have a _____ phase (n + n)

A

Dikaryon

253
Q

The symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobactiera

A

Lichen

254
Q

The “pioneer” organism

A

Lichen

255
Q

Name the main groups of fungi (5)

A 
Chytrids
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
256
Q

The type of fungi under glmoeromycota

A

mycorrihzae

257
Q

The fungi with flagella, and no dikaryotic stage

A

Chytrids

258
Q

Which group of fungi is the most important step to colonization of land?

A

Glomeromycota : mycorrhizae

259
Q

The fungi that have rapid spreading growth (mold)

A

zygomycota

260
Q 
Sac fungi (fruiting bodies), include plant pathogens and have septate hyphae
Make penicillin
A

Ascomycota

261
Q

The typical mushroom falls under what class fungi

A

Basidiomycota

262
Q

Animals originated from the acquisition of

A

proteobacteria

263
Q

Describe Koch’s Postulates (medicinal microbio)

A

1) suspected pathogen should be present in the infected and absent from the healthy
2) the pathogen should be isolated and grown in pure culture
3) this culture should cause the disease in the healthy organims
4) when reisolated, the pathogen should be identical to the orignal

College Biology & Ecology II (21 decks)

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