animals lecture 18 & 19 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Role of gastrovascular cavity in respiration
A
diffusion
2
Q
Basic components of a circulatory system:
A
circulatory fluid, set of tubes, muscular pump
3
Q
ex of circulatory fluid
A
blood
4
Q
set of tubes heart
A
veins/arteries
5
Q
muscular pump ex
A
heart
6
Q
have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities.
A
closed circulatory system
7
Q
pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.
A
open circulatory system
8
Q
a fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, occupying the hemocoel.
A
hemolymph
9
Q
little hearts
A
ostia
10
Q
closed circulatory system is called the
A
cardiovascular system
11
Q
if you centrifuged blood, (x) would be on the bottom
A
cellular elements
12
Q
if you centrifuged blood, (x) would be on the top
A
plasma
13
Q
ceullular elements are made of
A
erthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
14
Q
types of leukocytes
A
neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinphil, basophil
15
Q
parts of plasma
A
water, ions, plasma proteins, substrants transported by blood
16
Q
leuko-
A
white
17
Q
cellular elements go to the (x) because
A
bottom because they are big compared to plasma
18
Q
cellular elements are
A
living
19
Q
increase for parasitic infection
A
eosinophil
20
Q
used for coagulation, owund healing and stop flow
A
platelets
21
Q
called blood because of
A
blood cells
22
Q
carry blood away from the heart towards capillaries
A
arteries
23
Q
Return blood to the heart from capillaries
A
veins
24
Q
2 chambers
A
fishes
25
3 chambers
amphibians
26
4 chambers
reptiles and mammals and birds
27
breathing through the skin
cutaneous
28
pulmo
lungs
29
dividing wall
septum
30
Significance of having 4 chambers
keeps deoxygenated blood from getting to the blood, more purely oxygenated; important because we are more active and have higher metabolism
31
you can use respiration to measure
metabolism
32
ascending
superior
33
descending
inferior
34
the difference between reptiles and mammals/birds is that
reptiles have a right systematic aorta
35
meaning literally "blood movement" is the study of blood flow or the circulation.
haemodynamics
36
pressure gets higher with (x) tubes
smaller
37
major vein
vena cava
38
decrease of pressure as it goes on because
there are so many cappilaries
39
only way blood gets to cappilaries is throguh
the heart pumping
40
velocity of blood decreases as it reaches the
cappilaries
41
velocity of blood increases as it reaches the
veins
42
surface area makes good
respiratory surface
43
also importrant for respiratory purposes is
thin cells
44
each filament and lamella (x) surface area
increase
45
lots of capillaries or veins and arteries
vasculorize
46
lungs are in
ray-finned fish
47
fish developed lungs
first
48
the fish equivalent of lungs
swim bladder
49
benefits of having a swim bladder attatched to other systems
Connected system can use lungs and change the amount of air in and out much faster instead of slow diffusion
50
detatched swim bladder
ray finned fish
51
connected swim bladder
lungfish
52
Lot more surface area in mammals and reptielws because
we have higher metabolism, only respiratory surface
53
because birds have such high metabolism they have
one lung and many sacs
54
how bird lungs work
Birds have two cycles, first goes to lungs, then next time they breath in it goes to the sacs, then cycle out; they breath in and out at the same time
55
platicidy
changes easily/often
56
reduced oxygen
hypoxia
57
what happens to some animals with reduced oxygen
More surface area to get more oxygen in low oxygen environment
They have extra tissue that goes away that increases surface area, they aren’t actually growing things
58
some animals like salamanders and frogs lost their lungs because
Get rid of it so it has big surface area or lower metabolic rate or flat, need inside space for more things, underwater and try to stay at the bottom, brewathing in air can make it move substantially with moving water
59
any of the many tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveoli
60
there are nerve nets (simplest nervous system) in
cnidarians
61
nerve ring and radial nerves
echinoderms (sea stars)
62
simplest central nervous system with an eyespot, brain, nerve cord, and transverse nerves is
planarian (flatworm)
63
brain, ventral nerve cord, segmented ganglion
leech (annelid), insect (arthropod)
64
dendro
tree
65
sending signals
pre-synaptic
66
recieving signals
post-synaptic
67
receive signals from other neurons
dendrites
68
transmit signals from other cells
axon
69
neurotransmitter that turns on
excitatory
70
neurotransmitter that keeps from turning on
inhibatory
71
cns stands for
central nervous system
72
the central nervous system includes
brain and spinal cord
73
pns stands for
peripheral nervous system
74
peripheral nervous system includes
everything else including facial and spinal nerves
75
all neurotransmitters can be produced in the
cns
76
supporting cells
glial cells
77
provide structural support for neurons and regulate extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters
astrocytes
78
form myelin sheaths around axons of many types of vertebrate neurons
schwann cells
79
at rest, a neuron is positive (x) and negative (x)
outside, inside
80
neurons transmits signal by
changing charge
81
(x) matter has lots of schwann cells)
white
82
what part of the nervous system does integration
cns
83
what part of the nervous system does sensory input and motor output
pns
84
the part of the brain that is controlled by the nerve cell bodies and the majority of the true dendrites (numerous, short, branching filaments that carry impulses towards the cell body). The cell body is the area of the neuron that is highlighted by the existence of a nucleus. has no myelin blanket; senses of the body (speech, hearing, feelings, seeing and memory) and control of the muscles; 40% of brain and 94% of O.
grey matter
85
is a neuron that is made up of extending, myelinated nerve fibers, or axons. It composes the structures at the center of the brain, like the thalamus and the hypothalamus. It is found between the brainstem and the cerebellum; . It also controls the functions that the body is unaware of, like temperature, blood pressure and the heart rate. Dispensing of hormones and the control of food, as well as the intake of water and the exposition of emotions
white matter
86
knee jerk reflex tests
coordination nd function of central nervous system (spinal cord)
87
why do tails flop around when they become detached?
they are apart of the cns and have spinal cordi n them
88
octupus has central nervous system in
limbs
89
carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, mainly responding to external stimuli. Generally voluntary
somatic nervous system
90
regulates the internal environment by controlling heart, digestive, excretory, and endocrine systems. Generally involuntary.
autonamic nervous system
91
caused when different ions cross the neuron membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron
action potential
92
the cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system.
spinal cord
93
12 pairs of nerves that can be seen on the ventral (bottom) surface of the brain. Some of these nerves bring information from the sense organs to the brain; other cranial nerves control muscles; other cranial nerves are connected to glands or internal organs such as the heart and lungs.
cranial nerves
94
a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.
spinal nerve
95
ways to study the nervous system
Morphologically, Behaviorally, Molecularly, Pharmacologically, Combination of techniques
96
how to tell what part of the body causes a behavior
manipulate it by removing it and seeing if the individual can still do that function, Brain damage, see if it causes certain behavior , or if born with this defect
97
what does an mri stand for
magnetic resonance imaging
98
how does an mri work
looking at differences in water
Inference is that since there is a lot of water in blood then blood is heading to an area and meaning that part of the brain is working more
Can see if there is more exitory or inhibitory things going on
99
as body size increases brain size
also increases
100
different groups have (x) brain size to body ratio
different
101
there is no correlation with human brain size and
intelligence
102
transmits smell info
Olfactory lobe (bulb
103
sensory processing
cerebrum
104
motor control and cognitive function
cerebellum
105
controls several visceral functions. Including breathing, heart, digestion
Medula oblongata
106
the olfactory lobe is big in (x) and smaller in (x) because it is less used
amphibians and reptiles, mammals and birds
107
the cerebrum is biggest in
mammals
108
intelligence is determined by
brain wrinkles
109
the brain becomes more (x) after traumatic brain injuries
smooth
110
relay to the cerebral cortex, visual system input
thalamus
111
long-term memory and spatial memory.
hippocampus
112
homeostatic regulation
hypothalamus
113
Hormone synthesis and release
pituitary
114
emotional memory consolidation, fear conditioning.
amygdala
115
(x) have very low left/right brain symmetry
schizophrenics
116
“Environmentally induced” changes in morphology or activity of neurons.
neuroplasticity
117
neuroplasticity occurs from
Hormones, Activity, Physiology
118
effect of minimal stress on neurons
increase in cognitive and mental performances, neurogenesis
119
effect of chronic/high stress
degreading neurogenesis and depression
120
mothers stress impacts
fetus growth
