Animals lecture 2-8 Flashcards
1
Q
What makes it an animal
A
Eukaryote, multicellular, heterotropic
2
Q
an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth
A
Heterotrophic
3
Q
Metazoa
A
Animalia
4
Q
Complex unicellular, closest thing to animals
A
Choanophlagelates
5
Q
Non-motile
A
Sessile
6
Q
Lives on bottom
A
Benthic
7
Q
Sponges are not a
A
Monophyletic group
8
Q
Marine and freshwater, sessile and benthic, suspension feeders
A
Sponges
9
Q
These distinctive cells line the interior body walls of sponges. These cells have a central flagellum that is surrounded by a collar of microvilli. It is their striking resemblance to the single-celled protists called choanoflagellates that make many scientists believe that choanoflagellates are the sister group to the animals. versatile cells. Their flagella beat to create the active pumping of water through the sponge, while the collars are the primary areas that nutrients are absorbed into the sponge.
A
Choanocytes
10
Q
Tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge known as ostia.
A
Porocytes
11
Q
mobile cell (moving like an amoeba) in the body of invertebrates such as echinoderms, mollusks, tunicates or sponges. They move by pseudopodia.
A
Amoebocytes
12
Q
a minute sharp-pointed object or structure that is typically present in large numbers, such as a fine particle of ice.
A
Spicules
13
Q
Make the collagen related protein spongin which can be found in the mesophyl
A
Spongocytes
14
Q
Spicules are calcium carbonate, less diversity
A
Calcarea
15
Q
Spicules are made of silica; more diverse
A
Silicarea
16
Q
Biochemicals that are not necessary for “normal” physiology or development
A
Secondary metabolites
17
Q
a situation where to gain some advantage, you have to pay a price. Big brains in people are a good example. Our brains are certainly nice to have but they are costly in terms of the energy they use up, make childbirth difficult, and are easily damaged.
A
Trade off
18
Q
Animals with true tissues
A
Eumetazoa
19
Q
the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the epidermis and nerve tissue.
A
Ectoderm
20
Q
the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, or the parts derived from this, which include the lining of the gut and associated structures.
A
Endoderm
21
Q
In the water column, not on bottom or top
A
Pelagic
22
Q
All marine, mostly pelagic, 8 combs of Cilia that propel the animal
A
Ctenophora
23
Q
responsible for both the digestion of food and the transport of nutrients throughout the body. The cavity has only one opening to the environment. Food goes in and waste comes out that same opening, making it a two-way digestive tract.
A
Gastrovascular cavity
24
Q
Most cnidarians, marine, polyp stage only , sessile and colonial, asexual or sexual
A
Anthozoa
25
Mostly marine, polyp and medusa in most, sexual and asexual, Portuguese man of war
Hydrozoans
26
Less diverse, all marine, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual
Syphozoans
27
Least diverse, marine, box jellies, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual, sea wasps, potent neurotoxins
Cubozoans
28
Mostly marine, polyp and medusa in most, sexual and asexual, Portuguese man of war
Hydrozoans
29
Less diverse, all marine, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual
Syphozoans
30
Least diverse, marine, box jellies, mostly medusa and some polyp, asexual and sexual, sea wasps, potent neurotoxins
Cubozoans
31
Stinging cell
Cnidocyte
32
Coiled thread like stinger
Nematocyste
33
Radiata are
Diploblastic
34
Bilataria are
Triploblastic
35
Triploblastic layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
36
Non-living layer in diploblastic
Mesoglea
37
Gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and digestive tract
Endooderm
38
Gives rise to notochord, skeleton, muscles, kindys, most of circulatory system
Mesoderm
39
Gives rise to nervous system, ears,
Ectoderm
40
Body cavity
Coelom
41
Tube with in a tube, digestive tract of a linear body plan, fully lined by mesoderm
Coelomate
42
Platyhelminthys, ectoprocta, phoronida, brachiopoda, annelida, mollusca, nemertea, rotifera
Lophotrochozoa
43
Platy
Flat
44
Endoparasites, complex life cycle, multiple hosts, can cause extra limbs in hosts, usually one vertebrate and one in
Trematoda
45
Parasitic, tiny
Monogenea
46
Endoparasites, complex life cycle, multiple hosts
Trematoda
47
Can cause extra limbs in host, usually one vertebrae one invertebrae
Trematoda
48
Endoparasites, complex life cycles, multiple hosts, has head and egg segments
Cestoda
49
Ecto
Outside
50
Procto
Anus
51
Mostly marine, some fresh, sessile, often colonial, ciliated lophomore feeding structure, coelomate body cavity, muscles for retracting lophofore
Ectoprocta
52
Sessile, marine, secrete chitonous tubes, colonial, u-shaped gut, asexual and sexual
Phoronida, horseshoe worm
53
Marine worm with dorsal and ventral shell, part chitin part calcium carbonate, shell on top of a stalk called the pidicle, feathery clam, sessile, benthic
Brachiopoda, lamp shell
54
Chaeta
Hair stuff
55
Ecto
Outside
56
Procto
Anus
57
Mostly marine, some fresh, sessile, often colonial, ciliated lophomore feeding structure, coelomate body cavity, muscles for retracting lophofore
Ectoprocta
58
Sessile, marine, secrete chitonous tubes, colonial, u-shaped gut, asexual and sexual
Phoronida, horseshoe worm
59
Marine worm with dorsal and ventral shell, part chitin part calcium carbonate, shell on top of a stalk called the pidicle, feathery clam, sessile, benthic
Brachiopoda, lamp shell
60
Unsegmented worms, mostly marine but some fresh and terrestrial, free living, predatory, asexual and hermaphroditic,
Nemertea
61
Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, asexual and sexual,
Annelida
62
3 classes of annelida
Oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea
63
Poly
Many
64
Oligo
Few
65
Mostly terrestrial, some fresh and marine, segments go through whole body
Oligochaeta
66
Used for movement, fend off predators, sensory, respiration
Chaeta
67
Primarily marine, few terrestrial; most diverse of annelida,
Polychaeta
68
Terrestrial and freshwater, some predatory and others hemaphagic, medicinal purposes, anticoagulent
Hirudinea
69
Phagic
Eat
70
Hemo
Blood
71
Hirudin
Anticoagulant peptide
72
marine, living in rocky shorelines, 8 overlapping plates, produces magnetite
Polyplacophora (chitons)
73
One of the hardest substances an animal can make
Magnetite
74
Marine and freshwater; two valves, al to of clams burry inside of something with only the siphon hanging out; use acid to get inside of hard substrate
Bivalves
75
Something that is usually already there and will win
Incumbency
76
Gastro
Stomach
77
Pod
Foot
78
Occasionally have a shell, marine fresh or terrestrial, stomach foot
Gastropod
79
Predatory snails, harpoon prey
Cone snails
80
Marine, produce ink, big eye and brain, can change texture
Cephlapod
81
Pigment in ink
Melanin
82
Horomone that causes it to change color
Epinephran (fear hormone)
83
Important food source, used for jewelry and decoration, some are invasive
Mollusca
84
A beneficial relationship which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the othe
Endosymbiosis
85
Most reef-building corals contain this photosynthetic algae that live in their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship. The coral provides the algae with a protected environment and compounds they need for photosynthesis.
Zooanthellae
86
Happens when coral is stressed or has a divergent PH, coral is dying
Coral bleaching
87
Has one axis of symmetry; more complex
Bilaterial symmetry
88
Has many axis of symmetry
Radial symmetry
89
Living middle layer of an embryo in early development
Mesoderm
90
which is a fully functional body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm only partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate.
Pseudocoelomate
91
Any organism that lacks a cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract
Acoelomate
92
the anterior, headlike segment of a tapeworm, having suckers, hooks, or the like, for attachment.
Scolex
93
a horseshoe-shaped structure bearing ciliated tentacles around the mouth in certain small marine invertebrates.
Lophophore
94
an animal arising from another by budding or division, especially each of the individuals that make up a colonial organism and typically have different forms and functions.
Zooid
95
the planktonic larva of certain invertebrates, including some mollusks and polychaete worms, having a roughly spherical body, a band of cilia, and a spinning motion.
Trochophore
96
in some worms) an extensible tubular sucking organ.
Proboscis
97
Bristles on marine animals
Cetae
98
a partition separating two chambers, such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of the heart.
Septum
99
An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, returning essential nutrients to the ecosystem. include microorganisms such as bacteria and protists as well as larger organisms such as fungi, insects, worms, and isopod crustaceans.
Detritivore
100
an anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus.
Radula
101
primary component in the exoskeletons of arthropods and crustaceans and is also found in the cell walls of fungi. It's a polysaccharide, and it's excreted by the epidermal cells in arthropods
Chitin
102
the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them.
Biostratigraphy
103
Coating of pearls, strong and resilient and iridescent; mother of pearl
Nacre
104
Animals that are non-native to the ecosystem whose introduction causes harm; spread far
Invasive species
105
Ships carry a large amount of this which is often taken on the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo and discharge at the next port;; stabilize ships
Ballast water
106
Aquatic animals, such a starfish or barnacles, that live on the surface of a sea or lake bottom or rock, but that do not burrow into or beneath the surface
Epifaunal
107
Aquatic animals, such as clams or burrowing worms, that live beneath the surface of a sea or lake floor
Infaunal
108
Moulting of the cuticle layer; occurs in nematodes and arthropods
Ecdysis
109
Each stage in ecdysis for arthropods is called a
Instar
110
Live in aquatic soil and animal tissue, parasitic or free living, pseudocoloemate , complete digestive, sexual, cuticle, unsegmented
Nematoda
111
Model organism for development, aging, regeneration
C elegans
112
We contract from undercooked pigs that contract from mice, then it lives in digestive tract and larva in our tissues
Trichenella
113
Gets from one individual to another by mosquito; happens in dogs and humans commonly
Heart worm (diafilaria)
114
Most diverse group, coelomate, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, exoskeleton, occur in almost all habitats
Arthropod
115
Extinct by permian-Triassic, compound eyes, antennae and limbs
Trilobita
116
Almost entirely terrestrial, named after the fang they have, commonly have a venom gland, have a cephalothorax and abdomen
Cheliceriformes
117
Fang aka venom gland
Chelicera
118
Terrestrial, antennae and chewing mouth parts, centipedes and millipedes, segmented
Myriapoda
119
One pair of legs per segment, carnivorous
Centimpedes
120
Two pairs of legs per segment, herbivores
Millipedes
121
Crustaceans are not
Monophyletic
122
Parasitic, life cycle includes arthropod and vertebrae host, anterior protruding probocis, no mouth and alimentary cavity, hooks used to attach onto intestines, some can alter the behavior of their host
Acanthocephala
123
Often center of food webs
Arthropoda
124
You can tell how long a body has been there off of
What form of fly is living there
125
Paleozoic were all marine, modern ones in humid forests, limbs and attenuate but no setments, squirts out slime to get prey, sheds cuticles with tiny hairs sometimes, breathes through open passages in skin called trachea
Velvet worms (onychophora)
126
Extremist, inhabits freshwater saltwater and soil, freeswimming sessile or colonial, feeds on decomposing matter and unicellular algae, can survive desiccation 100 years
Rotifera (wheel bearers)
127
Extremist, lives in all environments, 4 segments, 4 unjointed legs, can survive extreme temps, pressure radiation, able to survive with hardly any chemical reactions, can survive with 2% watre, can survive desiccation
Tardigras (water bears)
128
An ametabolic state
Anabiosis
129
All chemical reactions happening in yourself
Metabolism
130
Parasitic, life cycle includes arthropod and vertebrae host, have an anterior protrudible procboscis, lack mouth and alimentary canal, hooks used to attatch to the intestine of the host, some can alter behavior of intermediate host, thorny headed worms
Acanthocephala
131
Larvae are parasites of arthropods while adults are free living; they alter the behavior of their hosts, mostly by making them go to the water when they want to get out of their host when they are adult
Nematomorpha
132
All marine, live in sea floor sediments, coastal and very deep, feeds on other worms, spines around mouth, has cuticle that can be shedded, no internal segments, caudal appendages thought to be used for respiration, spines around mouth, has cuticle layer that is moulted, external annuli but no internal segments, prosoma can be drawn into trunk used for locomotion
Priapula, catctus worm, PENIS WORM
133
Marine, live in mud, head completely retractable, cuticle layer, spines used for locomotion, no cilia but spines, spines used for locomotion
Kinorhyncha (mud dragon)
134
Rhncha
Nose
135
Kino
Movement
136
Inhabits deep sea sediments
Loricifera
137
Microscopic, found on mouth of lobster, complex life cycle with sessile and free swimming stages
Cycliophora
138
Smallest genome of any animal, can change shape, feed by phagocytosis or digestive enzymes, only 4 cell types, move by gliding, dorsal layer and ventral layer
Placozoa
139
a crown or crownlike structure.
Corona
140
the posterior part of the body of a vertebrate especially when elongated and extending beyond the trunk or main part of the body. Tail
Caudal appendages
141
Early cell divisions after fertilization
Cleavage
142
Mollusca, annelida, arthropods
Protosome
143
Echinoderms and cordates
Deutersome
144
Spiral and determinate
Protosome
145
Radial and indeterminate
Deutersome
146
Schizercloelus: solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Protosome
147
Entereocoleous: folds of archeteron form coelom
Deutersome
148
Mouth forms from blastopore
Protosome
149
Anus forms from blastopore
Deutersome
150
Echino
Spiny
151
Derm
Skin
152
Marin,e some free living some sessile, calcified plates below skin that are emsodermally formed, thin epidermis that has pigment, mechanorecepotors, and sometimes toxic secreting cells, can regenerate a limb, mouth on bottom and anus on top
Echinodermata
153
In echinoderms, larva has _ symmetry
Bilaterial
154
In echinoderms, adult has __ symmetry
Radial
155
Echino
Spiny
156
Derm
Skin
157
Marin,e some free living some sessile, calcified plates below skin that are emsodermally formed, thin epidermis that has pigment, mechanorecepotors, and sometimes toxic secreting cells, can regenerate a limb, mouth on bottom and anus on top
Echinodermata
158
In echinoderms, larva has _ symmetry
Bilaterial
159
In echinoderms, adult has __ symmetry
Radial
160
Blasto
Bud
161
Relatively sessile, scavengers or filter feeders, eviceration, echinoderms laying on its side
Sea cucumber, holothurodiea
162
Oid
Similar to
163
Mostly active predators, sea stars
Asteroidea
164
Ophio
Snake
165
No suckers move by lashing out feet, active feeders or filter feeders, photoreceptors, name means snake
Ophiouridea
166
Relatively sessile, scavengers or filter feeders, eviceration, echinoderms laying on its side
Sea cucumber, holothuroidea
167
Get rid of your external organs
Eviceration
168
Relatively sessile, grazers or scavengers or predatory, sea urchins and sand dollars
Echinoidea
169
Species in a habitat that is incredibly important to the balance of that habitat; comes from the name for the tip of an arch; ex: sea stars\
Keystone species
170
Marine, lives in mud or under rocks, acorn worms
Hemichordates
171
All chordates have these at some point in their lives
Muscular post-anal tail, notochord, dorsal nerve, pharanygeal slits
172
solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Schizocoelous
173
folds of archeteron form coelom
Enterocolous
174
a perforated plate by which the entry of seawater into the vascular system of an echinoderm is controlled.
Madreporite
175
Brain case
Cranium
176
specialised cells that secrete the mineralized structures in the body wall of some invertebrates.
In sponges they secrete calcareous or siliceous spicules which are found in the mesohyl layer of sponges.
sclerocytes
177
each segment in the strobila of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system.
proglottid
178
4 classes of cnidarians
anthozoans, hydrozoans, scyphozoans, cubozoans
179
examples of anthozoans
sea anemones, corals
180
2 layrs of living cells: ectoderma nd endoderm
diploblastic
181
2 layrs of living cells: ecto, meso, and endoderm
triploblastic
182
gives rise to liver, pancreas, lungs, and lining of digestive tract
endoderm
183
gives rise to: notochord, lining of coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of circulatory system
mesoderm
184
gives rise to outer covering, nervous system components in some phyla, inner ear, lens of eye
ectoderm
185
platyhelminthes (flatworms) classes
turbellaria, monogenea, trematoda, cestoda
186
flatworm with only one opening that goes in and out of body, regenerates very well, free living, non parasitic
turbellaria
187
flatworm, external parasites iwth simple lifestyles, very small, in large numbers can be harmful, thousands of species but not studied often
monogenea
188
flatworm, endoparasites, 20,000 species, complex life cycle, multiple hosts, can cause extra limbs,
trematoda
189
flatworms, endoparasite, complex life cycle, can use multiple hosts, has head and egg segments, we get it y eating muscles of infected animals
cestoda
190
the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter. The process is regulated by food web pathways that decompose matter into mineral nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems.
soil cycling
191
the carcass of a cetacean that has fallen into the bathyal or abyssal zone (i.e. deeper than 1,000 m, or 3,300 ft) on the ocean floor.[2] They can create complex localized ecosystems that supply sustenance to deep-sea organisms for decades.[3] This is unlike in shallower waters, where a whale carcass will be consumed by scavengers over a relatively short period of time. It was with the development of deep-sea robotic exploration that whale falls were first observed in the late 1970s.[4]
whale fall communities
192
he habit of certain animals of feeding on blood (from the Greek words, haima "blood" and phagein "to eat"). Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without enormous effort, hematophagy has evolved as a preferred form of feeding in many small animals such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut and about 75% of all species of leeches (e.g. Hirudo medicinalis)[citation needed], a free-living worm,
hemophagic
193
An anticlotting agent that prevents blood clots from traveling through the bloodstream to clog up a vessel
hirudin
194
platyhelminthes
flatoworms
195
ectoprocta
bryozoans
196
phoronida
phoronids
197
brachiopoda
brachipods or lamp shells
198
annelida
segmetned worms
199
mollusca
snails, clams, squid, octopus
200
nemertea
ribbon worms
201
individual is a zooid
ectoprocta
202
oligochaeta
earthworms and relatives
203
polychaeta
polychaets
204
hirudinea
leeches
205
classes of mollusca
polyplacophora, bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda
206
ex of polyplacophora
chitons
207
ex of bivalvia
clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
208
ex of gastropoda
abalone, limpets, conch, nudibranchs, snails and slugs
209
cephalopoda
squid, octopodes, nautilus, cuttlefish
210
ex of gastropoda
abalone, limpets, conch, nudibranchs, snails and slugs
211
cephalopoda
squid, octopodes, nautilus, cuttlefish
212
(from the latin word for cloak) a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.
mantle
213
an anatomical feature that is found in many cephalopod mollusks used to produce the defensive cephalopod ink.
ink sac
214
the upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
head
215
the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, breastbone, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration; the chest.
thorax
216
The anterior section of arachnids and many crustaceans, consisting of the fused head and thorax.
cephalothroax
217
the part of the body of a vertebrate containing the digestive organs; the belly. In humans and other mammals, it is bounded by the diaphragm and the pelvis.
abdomen
218
any of a number of different organs through which the silk, gossamer, or thread of spiders, silkworms, and certain other insects is produced.
spinnerets
219
Any of the various glands in silk-spinning insects and spiders that secrete a fluid that hardens into silk on exposure to air.
silk gland
220
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.
food web
221
the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.
pollination
222
the application and study of insect and other arthropod biology to criminal matters.
forensic entomology
223
any agent (animal, or microorganism) that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. ex: mosquito
disease vector
224
brachepod feed on top of the surface, i.e.
epifaunal
225
feed below the surface, helped survive mass extinction
infawnal
226
arthropod subphyla
trilobita, cheliceriformes, myriapoda, crustacea, hexapoda
227
trilobita ex
trilobites
228
cheliceriformes ex
spiders, mites, and scorpions
229
myriapoda ex
millipedes and centipedes
230
crustacea ex
lobsters, crabs, barnacles, etc
231
hexapoda ex
insects
232
you can tell how long a body has been there by
what stage of fly is in the body
233
look for dna to find a particular animal, can tell what animals and bacteria are here by filtering and sequencing a liquidd
environmental sequencing
234
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration. The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet.
water vascular system
235
each of a large number of small, flexible, hollow appendages protruding through the ambulacra, used either for locomotion or for collecting food and operated by hydraulic pressure within the water-vascular system.
tube feet
236
extra sensitive, a sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound.
mechanoreceptor
237
larva echinoderms are
bilateral
238
adult echinoderms are
radial
239
crinoidea; filter feeders, sessile or free-swimming
sea lillies and feather stars
240
holothuroidea
sea cucumbers
241
echinoidea
sea urchins and sand dollars
242
hemichordates
acorn worms
243
urochordata
tunicates or sea squirts
244
urochordates only retain
pharynx with slits
245
cephalochordata
lancelets or amphioxus
246
cephalochordate retain
all 4 chordate characteristics
