Animals lecture 16 & 17

Question 1

organism that feeds on plants and/or algae

Answer 1

herbivore

Question 2

feeds on animals

Answer 2

carnivore

Question 3

feeds on plants and animals

Answer 3

omnivore

Question 4

narrow diet.

Answer 4

stenophagus

Question 5

wide diet.

Answer 5

euryphagus

Question 6

tradeoff of euryphagus

Answer 6

ineffiencient

Question 7

tradeoff of stenophagus

Answer 7

food availability

Question 8

changes diet as matures; ex: frog

Answer 8

ontogenetic diet shifting

Question 9

filter suspended particles or organisms out of the water column; ex: sponge

Answer 9

filter (suspension) feeders

Question 10

suck nutrients from host; ex: mosquito, leech

Answer 10

fluid feeders

Question 11

: live in or on food source and eat their way through; ex: catepillars

Answer 11

substrate feeders

Question 12

eat large pieces of food; ex: snake

Answer 12

bulk feeders

Question 13

examples of feeding adaptations of bulk feeders

Answer 13

long projectile tongues, pinchers, tooth distrubtion, venom

Question 14

diverse group of toxins which clinically cause paralytic effects mediated at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 14

neurotoxin venom

Question 15

destroys red blood cells – causes hemolysis, disrupts blood clotting, and also attacks other types of cells and tissues – causing profound tissue damage and often, organ failure. … Their venom literally kills and dissolves tissue including bone

Answer 15

hemotoxic venom

Question 16

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

Answer 16

pharynx

Question 17

a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper abdomen. The stomach receives food from the esophagus. As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters it through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter; secretes acid and enzymes that digest food

Answer 17

stomach

Question 18

a muscular, thick-walled part of a bird’s stomach for grinding food, typically with grit.

Answer 18

gizzard

Question 19

the lower part of the alimentary canal from the end of the stomach to the anus.

Answer 19

intestine

Question 20

an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall.

Answer 20

typhlosole

Question 21

glucose is the primary fuel for cells

Answer 21

glucose regulation

Question 22

polymer composed of many glucose molecules. This is how surplus glucose is stored in the liver and muscles

Answer 22

glycogen

Question 23

reaction to the stimulus of blood glucose rising after eating

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

reaction to the stimulus of blood sugar dropping below a certain point

Answer 24

glucagon

Question 25

deficient in calories

Answer 25

undernourishment

Question 26

excessive food intake

Answer 26

overnourishment

Question 27

from fat | Satiety signal

Answer 27

leptin

Question 28

: from small intestine | Satiety signal

Answer 28

pyy

Question 29

from pancreas | Satiety signal

Answer 29

insulin

Question 30

from stomach | Hunger signal

Answer 30

ghrelin

Question 31

detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, it secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines; also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.

Answer 31

liver

Question 32

a small pouch that sits just under the liver. stores bile produced by the liver. After meals, it is empty and flat, like a deflated balloon. Before a meal, it may be full of bile and about the size of a small pear. In response to signals, it squeezes stored bile into the small intestine through a series of tubes called ducts. Bile helps digest fats, but itself is not essential.

Answer 32

gallblader

Question 33

a large gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in it are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon.

Answer 33

pancreas

Question 34

tendency for molecules to spread out evenly over the available space

Answer 34

diffusion

Question 35

diffusion of substances across a biological membrane

Answer 35

passive transport

Question 36

diffusion of substances across a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 36

osmosis

Question 37

: total solute concentration

Answer 37

osmolarity

Question 38

osmolarity is the same on opposite sides of the permeable membrane.

Answer 38

isoosmotic

Question 39

side of the membrane with higher osmolarity.

Answer 39

hyperosmotic

Question 40

side of the membrane with lower osmolarity.

Answer 40

hypoospmotic

Question 41

organisms that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity

Answer 41

stenohaline

Question 42

organisms that can tolerate large changes in external osmolarity

Answer 42

euryhaline

Question 43

organism that dose not actively adjust internal osmolarity.

Answer 43

osmoconformers

Question 44

organism that must actively adjust internal osmolarity.

Answer 44

osmoregulator

Question 45

Marine fish are (x) to their environment

Answer 45

hypoosmotic

Question 46

(x) fish drink lots of water and excrete lots of salt and little water

Answer 46

marine

Question 47

Freshwater fish are (x) to their envirnoment

Answer 47

hyperosmotic

Question 48

(x) fish excrete lots of water and little salt

Answer 48

freshwater

Question 49

layer (or layers) of specialized cells that regulate solute movements. These are primarily for osmotic regulation and disposal of metabolic wastes.

Answer 49

transport epithelium

Question 50

Most terrestrial organisms gain water by:

Answer 50

drinking, eating, metabolism

Question 51

How do most terrestrial organisms loose water?

Answer 51

respiration, skin surfaces, urine and feces

Question 52

how small kangaroo rat gets water

Answer 52

mostly metabolism, some food

Question 53

how humans get water

Answer 53

mostly liquids, some food, little metabolism

Question 54

how small kangaroo losses water

Answer 54

mostly evaporation, some urine, little feces

Question 55

how humans loose water

Answer 55

mostly urine, some evaporation, little feces

Question 56

as organisms get bigger, the (x) water they loose to evaporation

Answer 56

less

Question 57

as organisms get bigger, the (x) water they make due to metatabolism

Answer 57

less

Question 58

fur (x) water loss

Answer 58

lessens

Question 59

Low energy Very toxic Excreted with a lot of water

Answer 59

ammonia

Question 60

High energy to generate less toxic Excreted with less water

Answer 60

urea

Question 61

Even Higher energy to generate least toxic Excreted as a paste

Answer 61

uric acid

Question 62

removes filtrate from body fluids through | selectively permeable membrane

Answer 62

filtration

Question 63

reclaims of valuable substances and | returns them to the body fluid. eg glucose

Answer 63

reabsorption

Question 64

extraction of toxins and excess ions | from body fluid.

Answer 64

secretion

Question 65

filtrate leaves the system.

Answer 65

excretion

Question 66

made up of many flame cells. In the flame cells, there are cilia at the 'tips', as you can see in the diagram. They beat, creating a sort of vacuum that sucks out substances on the other side of the membrane. This gets filtered, things are reabsorbed as appropriate & the waste is excreted through the nephridiopore (your one opening). This is mostly for osmoregulation.

Answer 66

protenphridia

Question 67

Fluid in the body cavity filters into the hollow cell. the cilia wave filtered urine down the tube to the outside

Answer 67

flame bulb

Question 68

a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades. The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph.

Answer 68

malpighain tubules

Question 69

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.

Answer 69

nephron