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Pharm 1 > Anti-biotics > Flashcards

Anti-biotics Flashcards

1
Q

What antibiotic drug classes are naturally derived (5)

A 
Penicillins 
Cephalosporins 
Macrolides 
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
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2
Q

What is “sensitivity”

A

degree to which microbial organisms are killed or their proliferation arrested by the drug

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3
Q

What drug class is sulfamethoxazole

A

sulfonamide antibiotic

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4
Q

What is the MOA of sulfamethoxazole

A

Competitive antagonist of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) which blocks bacterial production of folic acid

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5
Q

What is the MOA of Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim combination drug (TMP/S)

A

inhibits two different step of bacterial folic acid production

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6
Q

What are the indications of Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim combination (TMP/sulfa)

A

UTI, pneumocystis prophylaxis, susceptible MRSA infection

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7
Q

what sort of creatures are susceptible to TMP/S?

A

mostly microbial: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and oral anaerobes.
But also some fungi, thus use in pneumocystis prophylaxis

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8
Q

What is the worst reaction to TMP/S

A

Stevens Johnson syndrome

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9
Q

What are the most common reactions to TMP/S

A

Skin reactions like rash, photosensitivity. And of course nausea and diarrhea

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10
Q

What drug class are penicillins

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

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11
Q

What is the MOA of penicillins

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins (Peptoglycans) on the bacteria which inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the bacterial cell wall, which causes cytolysis and cell death.

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12
Q

What sort of bugs are susceptible to penicillins

A

mostly gram positive bugs

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13
Q

What type of anti-biotic causes the most severe allergic response

A

penicillins!

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14
Q

When is penicillin G indicated

A

for use against strep throat and some gram negs like Neisseria. Plus it is cheap!

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15
Q

How is the half-life of penicillin G extended

A

Procaine and benzathine are added to IM injection to decrease pain and increase half-life

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16
Q

When is amoxicillin used

A

it is a broad spectrum bactericidal drug used against gram pos, UTI, ENT, skin infxn. Not really for severe stuff

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17
Q

What is advantageous about penicillin’s range over amoxicillin’s range

A

penicillin can cross the BBB, and thus is used for meningitis whereas amoxicillin cannot.

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18
Q

how can amoxicillin’s effect be improved

A

By adding clavulanic acid added to prevent β lactamase inhibition. This is called Augmentin

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19
Q

What is augmentin’s (amoxil + calvulanic acid) MOA

A

binding to penicillin binding protein and inhibiting protein synthesis in the bacterial cell wall

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20
Q

what is the most severe common side effect of augmentin (amoxil + clavulanic acid)

A

The most severe cause of antibiotic induced diarrhea is pseudomembranous colitis.

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21
Q

How much clavulanic acid is in the 250, 500, and 750mg doses of Augmentin

A

The dosage applies to the amoxicillin portion only. They all contain the same amount of clavulanic acid.

22
Q

What is the MOA of cephalosporins

A

Same as other beta-lactam antibiotics: Bind to penicillin binding proteins (Peptoglycans) on the bacteria which inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-linkage in the bacterial cell wall, which causes cytolysis and cell death.

23
Q

What is a first generation cephalosporin useful for

A

It has very good activity against gram positive, but poor gram neg coverage

24
Q

What generation is cephalexin (Keflex)

A

1st generation cephalosporin (all 1st gen start with “ceph”)

25
Q

What is the MOA of Macrolides

A

inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.

26
Q

What is unique about the range of macrolides

A

Macrolides tend to accumulate within leukocytes and are therefore actually transported into the site of infection

27
Q

When is use of a macrolide indicated

A

Infection with atypical bug (rickettsia, mycoplasma), strict penicillin allergy

28
Q

What type of infections is erythromycin used for

A

respiratory tract infections, GC/CT, syphilis

29
Q

What class of drug is erythromycin and azithromycin

A

macrolide antibiotic

30
Q

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidic

A

Both! low doses is a static, higher doses is a cidal

31
Q

What is the most common side effect of erythromycin

A

It is notorious for causing diarrhea and GI upset

32
Q

What is notable about the dosing of azithromycin

A

It has a long half life (68 hrs) and can be given in a loading dose to suppose the steady state (500-1200mg)

33
Q

Why is azithromycin used so often

A

Simple dosing schedule, wide-spectrum, and it covers atypical infections

34
Q

What is the MOA of tetracyclines

A

It binds to the 16S part of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (different part than macrolides)

35
Q

What are C/I for tetracycline use

A

Pregnancy, infants, kids 8 or younger (15 is safer)

36
Q

Why dose tetracycline stain teeth

A

because it is such a potent calcium binding agent, so don’t take it with dairy or calcium supplement!

37
Q

Why is doxy superior to tretracycline

A

Better dosing schedule

38
Q

What is the most common use for tetracycline

A

acne and rosacea, chlamydia. also lyme and rockymountain spotted fever

39
Q

What is the MOA of aminoglycosides

A

by binding to the bacterial 30S and 50S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA

40
Q

How are aminoglycosides normally administered

A

By IV because they are broken down by stomach acid. also, rarely topical.

41
Q

When are aminoglycosides used

A

Bad sick: septicemia, intra-abdominal infxn, complicated UTI, nosocomial infxn

42
Q

what drug class is gentamicin (garamycin)

A

aminoglycoside antibiotic

43
Q

What kind of bugs is gentamicin effective against

A

gram negatives. also, TB. topically very effective for eye infections

44
Q

What are some side effects of Gentamicin

A

Potentially nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Permanently. So don’t give this drug unless you have to!

45
Q

What is the MOA of quinolones

A

Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription

46
Q

What kind of bugs are quinolones used for

A

Atypical infections, and gram negative bugs

47
Q

What drug class is ciprofloxacin

A

quinolone antibiotic

48
Q

For whom is ciprofloxacin C/I

A

infants, children, and pregnant/lactating women, because it chelates calcium and is deposited in tissues

49
Q

What is a serious side effect of ciprofloxacin

A

Tendonitis and achilles tendon rupture

50
Q

What foods should not be taken with ciprofloxacin

A

dairy, since the calcium will be chelated, and caffeine, because cipro prolongs the half-life

51
Q

What is a common side effect of ciprofloxacin

A

metallic taste in the mouth, diminished appetite, taste, and/or sense of smell

Pharm 1 (14 decks)

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