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Pharmacology II > Antineoplastic drugs > Flashcards

Antineoplastic drugs Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

neoplasm

A

cancer

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2
Q

malignant

A

can grow and spread to other parts of the body

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3
Q

oncology

A

study/treatment of tumors

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4
Q

how does cancer start?

A

single cell is genetically different –> divides and passes along abnormalities to daughter cells producing tumor/neoplasm –> then can matastasize

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5
Q

benign

A

can grow but won’t spread

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6
Q

chemotherapy

A

drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells

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7
Q

remission

A

clinically detectable tumor cells and all signs of malignancy are gone

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8
Q

pallitive

A

remission of secondary signs, typically without without an increase in animal’s survival time

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9
Q

growth fraction

A

percentage of cancer cells that are actively dividing

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10
Q

doubling time

A

time required for a number of cancer cells to double

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11
Q

nadir

A

lowest point of neutrophil and platelet counts after administration of a myelosuppressive drug

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12
Q

antineoplastic dugs

A

stop cancerous growth of malignant cells
can act on different phases of the cell cycle

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13
Q

what are the different phases of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 phase: enzymes produced that are needed for DNA synthesis
  2. S phase: DNA synthesis and replication
  3. G2 phase: RNA and protein synthesis
  4. M phase: mitosis phase involving cell division
  5. G0 phase: resting phase
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14
Q

types of cells found in neoplasms

A

dividing cells, temporary nondividing cells, permanent nondividing cells

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15
Q

cell-cycle nonspecific (CCNS) drugs

A

antineoplastic drugs that work during any phase of the cell cycle

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16
Q

cell-cycle specific (CCS) drugs

A

antineoplastic drugs that work during a specific phase of the cell cycle

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17
Q

can antineoplastic drugs interfere with normal cells too?

A

yes they are cytotoxic and go after all cells

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18
Q

alkylating agents

A

CCNS
causes miscoding of DNA and/or cross-linking of DNA strands to inhibit its replication
cell cycle effect: effective on all phases but mostly G1 and S
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, osteosarcoma, mast cell tumors, carcinomas

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19
Q

antitumor antibiotics

A

CCNS.
inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
cell cycle effect: effective on all phases but doxorubicin more effective on S phase
mostly used for lymphoproliferative diseases, sarcomas, carcinomas

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20
Q

steroids

A

CCNS
inhibits DNA synthesis, actions may include anti-inflammatory effects, suppression of bone marrow cells, reduced edema, suppression of tumor growth
cell cycle effect: effective on all phases but mostly effective at S and M phases
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, reproductive cancers, mast cell tumors, CNS tumors

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21
Q

antimetabolities

A

CCS
affects S phase (involving DNA synthesis), inhibits synthesis of folic acid (needed for protein synthesis and DNA), or acts as an analog of pyrimidine or purine (bases occurring in DNA/RNA) and incorporating into DNA/RNA molecule
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, carcinomas

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22
Q

alkaloids

Study These Flashcards
A

CCS
chemicals derived from plants
stops mitosis,
aka mitotic inhibitors
cell cycle effect: effective on M phase inhibiting mitosis and causing cell death
most often used for lymphoproliferative diseases, mast cell tumors, sarcomas, carcinomas

23
Q

adverse effects of antineoplastics

Study These Flashcards
A

B- bone marrow suppression (check CBC often)
A- alopecia (more prevalent in certain breeds)
G- GI symptoms
infertility: secondary to drug use, may be permanent
cardiotoxicity: damage to heart from certain drugs such as doxorubin, may be permanent
nephrotoxicity: kidney failure from certain drugs such as cisplatin may be seen especially in animals receiving pulse dosing of meds

24
Q

what should the client do if an animal experiences alopecia as an adverse effect?

Study These Flashcards
A

keep pet out of the cold and avoid excessive sunlight

25
what are some common GI signs that may be seen as an adverse effect of antineoplastics?
vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia due to drugs/nausea leaving a foul taste in mouth, nausea or vomiting can be secondary to antineoplastic use
26
how is administration of antineoplastics determined?
depends on type of tumor, tumor's malignancy stage, animal's condition, owner's financial and emotional resources
27
combination therapy
administering multiple antineoplastics concurrently
28
pulse dosing
method of delivering some types of chemotherapeutic drugs that produce escalating levels of drug early in dosing interval followed by prolonged dose-free period
29
how are chemotherapy drug doses calculated?
based on body surface area because they have narrow therapeutic indexes
30
routes of administration for. chemotherapy drugs
oral, IV, SQ, IM, topical, intracavitary, intralesional, intravesicular, intrathecal (injected into subarachnoid space in spinal cord), intra-arterial
31
what type of bio-safety cabinet is used for chemotherapy drugs?
type II bio-safety cabinet (BSO) used to prep drugs
32
safe handling of chemotherapy drugs
follow NIOSH guidelines wear PPE for handling, prepping, administering drugs and when cleaning up body fluids
33
routes of exposure for chemotherapy drugs?
skin contact, skin absorption, inhalation of aerosols/drug particles, ingestion, needlestick injuries
34
chemotherapy PPE
designated prep area, latex gloves, goggles/face shields, disposable gown, clean surfaces used, designated disposal area, spill kit ready
35
cancer pain
treat underlying tumor causing pain: surgery, radiation, chemo analgesia options: NSAIDs, opioids, glucocorticoids, local anesthetics, alpha-2 agonists, muscle relaxants non-pharm therapies: acupuncture, hydrotherapy, massage, cold laser therapy
36
paraneoplastic syndromes
disorders that occur when immune system has a reaction to a neoplasm often 1st sign of malignancy tumor associated changes in animal's body structure and/or function that occurs distant to tumor
37
what are the types of paraneoplastic syndromes?
similar: treat tumor and syndrome will resolve- insulinoma and hypoglycemia not similar: syndrome needs to be treated too- hypocalcemia and a variety of tumors
38
immunomodulatory drugs
drugs that modify the response of the immune system immunostimulation or immunosuppression immune response
39
immunostimulant drugs
aka biologic response modifiers (BRMs): given to animals to enhance their immune response specific: react with selective specificity to 1 or more antigens non-specific: activate innate immunity and promote release of endogenous immune mediators
40
interferons
immunostimulants group of naturally occurring proteins that have antitumor and antiviral effects regulate lymphocyte activity and interfere with viral replication
41
alpha interferons
type of interferon drugs treats tumors and viral infections in cats
42
colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
immunostimulants stimulate growth, maturation, and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells filgrastim: granulocyte colony stimulating factor
43
interleukins
immunostimulants group of chemicals that play various roles in the immune system interleukin-2: promotes replication of antigen-specific T cells, treats mast cell tumors in dogs and fibrosarcomas in cats
44
immune polysacchride
immunostimulants stimulator of macrophage activity
45
monoclonal antibodies
immunostimulants identical immunoglobin molecules that have cytotoxic effects on tumor cells uses antibodies made in a lab, recruits cells to tumor
46
biologic immunostimulant
modified bacterium with antitumor activity
47
melanoma vaccine
Oncept immunostimulants treats oral melanomas in dogs used after surgery and/or radiation to prevent metastases
48
immunosuppressive drugs
interfere with 1 of the stages of the cell cycle or affect cell messengers treats immune-mediated diseases and reduces immune response against transplanted organs
49
cyclosporine
immunosuppressive inhibits proliferation of T lymphocytes
50
azathioprine
immunosuppressive affects cells in S phase, inhibits T and B lymphocytes
51
cyclophosphamide
immunosuppressive interferes with DNA/RNA replication used for immune-mediated diseases (like immune-mediated hemolytic anemia)
52
enzymes
L-asparaginase: treats lymphomas, MCT, and thrombocytopenia
53
enzyme-inhibiting drugs
controls growth of tumor cells Toceranib: tyrosine kinase inhibitor, treats grade II and III/recurrent/cutaneous MCT in dogs

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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