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Pharmacology II > Cardiac drugs > Flashcards

Cardiac drugs Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

functions of cardiac drugs

A

improve CO, maintain BP and tissue perfusion, minimize workload of the heart, decrease clinical signs, provide best quality of life

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2
Q

introphy

A

cardiac contraction force

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3
Q

positive inotropes function

A

increase contractile force

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4
Q

cardiac glycosides

A

positive inotropes
derived from natural sources
decrease heart rate
antiarrhythmic
decreases dyspnea
low margin of safety

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5
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

restores normal heart rhythm

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6
Q

cardiac glycoside examples

A

Digoxin: elixir, injectable, tablet and capsule
Digitoxin: tablet
not vet approved

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7
Q

catecholamines

A

positive inotropes
hormones produced/released from adrenal cortex
sympathomimetic
used for emergencies only

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8
Q

catecholamine examples

A

epinephrine/norepinephrine: alpha and beta receptor activity, increase glucose levels, bronchodilation, ER anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest
dopamine: precursor to norepinphrine, used for stimulating heart in acute heart failure or severe shock
dobutamine: administer as CRI, increase CO
isoproterenol: bronchial dilation, not used in vet

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9
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

increased BP by constricting the blood vessels

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10
Q

vasopressin (vasostrict)

A

vasoconstrictor drug (aka antidiuretic)
ER to treat shock (shock= decreased BP)
increases fluid retention
also treats diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

what are common adverse effects of cardiac drugs?

A

anorexia, cardiac arrhythmias, vomiting, diarrhea

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12
Q

vasodilators

A

decreased BP by dilating the blood vessels
decreases BP, arterial pressure
increases SV, CO
allows heart to eject blood easily

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13
Q

what does long term vasoconstriction do to the body?

A

causes hypertension and excessive work for the heart and decreases blood flow to the kidneys which can cause renal failure

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14
Q

what types of drugs fall under vasodilators?

A

ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), arteriole dilators, venodilators

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15
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)

A

vasodilators
controls CHF
improves tissue blood flow
decreases retention

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16
Q

ACE inhibitor examples

A

Enalapril (Enacard): FDA approved for dogs
Benazepril: not approved in US
Captopril and Lisinopril: less commonly used
*all ACE inhibitors end in -pril

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17
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB)

A

vasodilators
Telmisartan (Semintra): approved in cats, fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors
can be harmful to human fetuses

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18
Q

arteriole dilators

A

vasodilators
Hydralazine: extra-label in vet, reduce overload and increase CO

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19
Q

venodilators

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A

vasodilators
Nitroglycerin ointment: human approved, improves CO and used in right-sided failure
Nitroprusside: works mostly on veins, used for acute failure

20
Q

inodilator

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A

combined inotrope and vasodilator
helps heart pump more effectively
Benzimidazole-Pyridazinones

21
Q

which Benzimidazole-Pyridazinone is used as an inodilator?

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A

Pimobendan (Vetmedin)
FDA approved for dogs
used for CHF
often used with other drugs like ACE inhibitors or diuretics
used extra-label in cats

22
Q

diuretics (heart)

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A

used with other drugs in CHF patients
counteracts retention of fluids
decrease plasma volume
used to alleviate exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses

23
Q

spironolactone (Aldactone)

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A

diuretic
potassium sparing diuretic
oral
can be used with Furosemide

24
Q

furosemide

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A

diuretic
most commonly used for CHF
loop diuretic
oral or IV

25
beta-adrenergic antagonists "beta blockers"
antiarrhythmics to decrease HR and BP also used as antihypertensive drugs ex: Propranolol, Atenolol, Metorolol, Esmolol, Carvedilol
26
calcium channel blockers
inhibit calcium movement: vasodilation and decrease cardiac muscle activity
27
Amlodipine
more vasodilation effects than cardiac effects often used in cats
28
Diltiazem
used to treat tachycardia and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats
29
antiarrhythmics
return heart to a more efficient HR and rhythm divided into categories according to the types of arrhythmia they treat and the actions they have on the cells of the heart effects: decrease automatic firing of SA node, alter rate of electrical impulse conduction, alter the duration of the refractory period of heart muscle between contractions
30
how do cardiac arrhythmias effect a patient?
they disrupt coordination of cardiac muscle contractions which decreases the efficiency of cardiac contractions and CO
31
Lidocaine
antiarrhythmic used IV to control PVCs (premature ventricular contractions aka extra heartbeats disrupting normal rhythm) and treat ventricular tachycardia monitor dosing closely since dogs and cats are sensitive to lidocaine toxicity
32
drugs that effect blood
categorized by effects and goals for use: 1. stop clots from forming 2. stop/control bleeding 3. enhance blood functions
33
anticoagulants
inhibit clot formation by inactivating 1 or more clotting factors inhibit clotting in catheters prevent blood samples from clotting and preserve blood transfusions treat emboli
34
heparin
anticoagulant prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin treats thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) used in blood tubes and transfusion products (green top) overdose treated with protamine sulfate
35
clopidogrel bisulfate
anticoagulant oral platelet aggregation inhibitor used in cats with CHF and HCM
36
EDTA
anticoagulant binds to calcium treats lead poisoning
37
coumarin derivatives
binds vitamin K used for long term thromboembolism treatment contained in rodenticide products
38
aspirin
anticoagulant antiplatelet activity (inhibits stickiness) prevents thromboembolism
39
blood transfusion anticoagulants
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) Citrate phosphate dextrose adenine (CPDA-1) works by chelating calcium chelate= create a ring-like complex
40
hemostatic drugs
promote blood clotting parenteral or topical
41
Vitamin K
parenteral hemostatic
42
Phytonadione
synthetic hemostatic involved in clotting cascade treatment of rodenticide activity and bleeding disorders
43
Protamine sulfate
parenteral hemostatic basic protein treats heparin overdose treats bracken fern poisoning in cattle slow IV
44
topical hemostatics
controls capillary bleeding ex: silver nitrate sticks, ferrous sulfate powder, gelfoam gelatin sponge, thrombogen topical thrombin solution
45
blood enhancing drugs
affect red blood cells ex: iron, erythropoietin, darbepoetin, cyanocobalamin, folic acid

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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