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Pharmacology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

respiratory system function

A

brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery to the cells via the blood

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2
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body

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3
Q

ventilation

A

bringing of fresh air into the lungs

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4
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

nostrils, nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx

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5
Q

what lines the upper respiratory tract?

A

epithelial cells containing cilia and goblet cells

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6
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus which traps foreign particles that are then moved out of the respiratory tract via cilia movement

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7
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
bronchioles are lined with smooth muscles which allows them to constrict and dilate

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8
Q

alveoli

A

small, terminal, saclike structures where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across a thin membrane

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9
Q

upper respiratory tract conditions

A

mainly caused by infectious agents
CS: coughing, sneezing, congestion

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10
Q

lower respiratory tract conditions

A

asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, recurrent airway obstruction (ROA)

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11
Q

productive cough

A

expels mucus and foreign material
don’t suppress

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12
Q

non-productive cough

A

doesn’t expel mucus or foreign material
ok to suppress
can become a productive cough

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13
Q

respiratory drugs function

A

work to keep airways open and gases moving efficiently

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14
Q

what types of drugs treat upper airway conditions?

A

expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, decongestants

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15
Q

what types of drugs treat lower airway conditions?

A

bronchodilators and antihistamines

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16
Q

what type of drug is used to enhance ventilation?

A

stimulants

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17
Q

what type of drug is used to treat infections?

A

antimicrobials

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18
Q

expectorants respiratory drugs

A

debris clearing
increase the flow of respiratory secretions to allow material such as pathogens and inflammatory debris to be coughed up from lungs, reduce stickiness of mucus

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19
Q

Guaifenesin

A

cough tablets
expectorant
used orally to increase secretions from the airway and clear it of fluid
used in horses as a muscle relaxant as part of anesthesia

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20
Q

mucolytics respiratory drugs

A

decrease the viscosity or thickness of respiratory secretions

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21
Q

Acetylcysteine

A

mucolytic
breaks up thick mucus secretions in the airway to promote better respiration
can be po, IV, or aerosol through nebulization

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22
Q

antitussives

A

suppress coughing
can be centrally or locally acting

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23
Q

centrally acting antitussives

A

work on cough centers of the brain

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24
Q

locally acting antitussives

A

soothes irritation that initiates cough
syrup or lozenges
not used often in vet

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25
narcotic antitussives
Butorphanol, Hydrocodone, codeine
26
non-narcotic antitussives
Dextromethorphan, Trimeprazine and prednisolone combo
27
Butorphanol
narcotic antitussive opioid controlled substance C-IV injectable or oral tablets FDA approved for dogs
28
Hydrocodone
narcotic antitussive opioid controlled substance C-II used for harsh, non-productive coughs tablet and syrup forms may contain anticholinergic drug homatropine (to discourage human abuse) may contain acetaminphen
29
codeine
narcotic antitussive opioid centrally acting controlled substance C-II may be combined with: Guaifenesin, aspirin, acetaminophen injectable, syrup, and tablets
30
Trimeprazine and prednisolone (Temaril-P)
non-narcotic antitussive centrally acting antitussive and glucocorticoid combination has antipruritic effects tablet and spansules
31
Dextromethorphan
non-narcotic antitussive centrally acting chemical similar to codeine over the counter may be used in combo with other drugs syrup form no evidence that it's effective in vet
32
decongestants
decrease swelling of nasal passages forms: sprays, oral (liquid, tablet) limited use in vet have been used to treat feline upper respiratory tract disease
33
Phenylephrine
decongestant cardio stimulant properties don't use in hypertension or tachycardia patients
34
Pseudoephedrine
decongestant controlled substance C-IV cardio stimulant properties don't use in hypertension or tachycardia patients combined with pyrilamine maleate to treat ROA
35
bronchodilators
widen the lumen of the bronchioles and counteract bronchoconstriction decrease airway resistance and increase airflow
36
beta-2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilators
relax smooth muscle should not be used during gestation Epinephrine, Isoproteronol, Terbutaline, Albuterol, Clenbuterol
37
Methylxanthine bronchodilators
inhibit enzymes in smooth muscle cells resulting in bronchodilation Aminophylline, Theophylline
38
epinephrine bronchodilator
beta-2 short term effects ER use increases work of heart produces bronchodilation used in CPR treats anaphylactic shock
39
Isoproterenol
beta-2 bronchodilator short term effects ER use
40
Terbutaline
beta-2 bronchodilator selective, more respiratory effects than cardiac po, IM, SQ in dogs and cats IV in horses used extra-label in dogs with bronchitis and cats with asthma
41
albuterol
beta-2 bronchodilator selective, more respiratory effects than cardiac oral or inhaled with a metered dose inhaler Torpex approved for use in horses with ROA used extra-label in dogs with bronchitis and cats with asthma
42
Clenbuterol
beta-2 bronchodilator Ventipulmin: oral syrup approved for horses with airway obstructions over time it has repartitioning effect in which body composition becomes more muscular and less fat (associated with weakness and decreased athletic performance) abused to enhance horse muscles
43
what other drug can methylxanthines not be given with?
fluoroquinolones
44
Aminophylline
methylxanthine bronchodilator metabolized into theophylline after administration used for respiratory disease not available in US
45
Theophylline
methylxanthine bronchodilator used for respiratory disease extended release tablet
46
what common foods are methylxanthines?
caffeine and theobromine (found in chocolate)
47
antihistimines
block the effects of histamine
48
histamine
chemical released from mast cells that combines with receptors on bronchiolar smooth muscle, increases heart rate, causes vasodilation, sedation, and inflammatory response
49
Pyrilamine
antihistamine combined with pseudoephedrine for treatment of ROA in horses
50
Diphenhydramine
Benadryl most commonly used fast acting po, IM, IV
51
Chlorpheniramine
antihistamine longer onset of action
52
respiratory stimulants
drugs that stimulate the animal to increase its ventilating activity
53
Doxapram
respiratory stimulant CNS stimulant used in neonates to stimulate respiration after C-section or dystocia (can be administered through umbilical vein or sublingually) approved for use in dogs, cats, and horses used to restore reflexes after anesthesia injectable
54
feline asthma
chronic, noninfectious inflammatory disease of the lower airways characterized by intermittent airway obstruction and heightened airway sensitivity triggered by allergens CS: wheezing, dry hacking cough, can lead to open mouth breathing and dyspneas
55
feline asthma
chronic, noninfectious inflammatory disease of the lower airways characterized by intermittent airway obstruction and heightened airway sensitivity triggered by allergens CS: wheezing, dry hacking cough, can lead to open mouth breathing and dyspnea
56
asthma treatments
metered dose inhaler (MDI): albuterol, glucocorticoids (oral then inhaled), fluticasone oral: prednisolone, terbutaline, albuterol, theophylline adjunct therapies: cyroheptadine, cyclosporine (Atopica)
57
equine RAO or heaves
chronic, noninfectious respiratory disease in which inflammation in the small airways of the lung leads to impaired ventilation secondary to chronic generalized bronchiolitis and destruction of airspaces
58
horses at risk of RAO
seen often in horses in cold climates, horses kept in barns for prolonged periods of time, and horses kept where hay is moldy other triggers: dust, pollens, chemicals, microorganisms
59
clinical signs of RAO
coughing, tachypnea, labored breathing, yellow nasal discharge severe signs: listlessness, dyspnea, muscular "heave line" along their barrel
60
treatments of RAO
medical: prednisone, dexamethasone, clenbuterol, albuterol other treatments: improving management practices (keep horses outside as much as possible, reduce dust, store hay in dry place away from horses, improve ventilation where horses are stabled
61
infectious tracheobronchitis
kennel cough caused by: bacterial infection (Bordetella bronchiseptica), viral infection highly contagious, usually self limiting CS: hacking, nonproductive cough
62
infectious tracheobronchitis treatment
antimicrobial drugs in severe cases (Doxycycline) opioids (Butorphanol, codeine, hydrocodone)
63
bovine respiratory disease (BRD)
presents as lower respiratory tract infection (pneumonia) caused by viral and/or bacterial pathogens common and costly in beef cattle seen in times of stress (such as during weaning or transport)
64
bovine respiratory disease treatment
antibiotics with NSAIDs Hexasol (oxytetracycline + flunixin meglumine) ResFlor Gold (florfenicol + flunixin meglumine)

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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