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Pharmacology II > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes up the endocrine system?

A

it’s composed of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers into the bloodstream

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2
Q

endocrine target organs

A

tissues/organs that hormones act upon

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3
Q

which glands in the endocrine system are responsible for sending signals?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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4
Q

what causes endocrine diseases?

A

hormone imbalances

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5
Q

negative feedback loop

A

more common, works in response to low or high levels of hormones

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6
Q

positive feedback loop

A

uncommon, occur when hormone levels continue to rise in response to stimuli

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7
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances produced by cells in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where it influences and regulates cellular activity/organ function

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8
Q

what are the two types of hormones?

A

endogenous= made by the body
exogenous= made outside of the body

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9
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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10
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

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11
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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12
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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13
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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14
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

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15
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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16
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone, treats diabetes insipidus, concentrates urine

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18
Q

desmopressin

A

synthetic form of vasopressin so structurally similar

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19
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates smooth muscle contraction and induces labor
affects the uterus and mammary glands
milk letdown hormone

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20
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

rare disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine caused by posterior pituitary gland’s failure to respond to ADH stimulation

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21
Q

insulin

A

promotes uptake and use of glucose for energy in cells, lowers blood glucose levels

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22
Q

glucagon

A

promotes breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose

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23
Q

diabetes mellitus types

A

type 1: lack of insulin
type 2: insufficient use of insulin

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24
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose

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25
gluosuria
glucose in urine
26
insulin resistance
inefficient use of insulin
27
what are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
increased appetite, weight loss, PUPD, cataracts
28
what species is diabetes mellitus more common in?
dogs especially obese females
29
what is a hallmark sign of diabetes mellitus?
persistent fasting hyperglycemia
30
what is important to know about cats with diabetes mellitus?
they can go into remission randomly
31
how and when is insulin administered for animals with diabetes mellitus?
SQ administration twice a day with meals you should do different shot locations so one area doesn't develop scar tissue
32
what are the adverse effects of insulin medication?
hypoglycemia and local reactions
33
what are the signs of hypoglycemia?
lethargy, weakness, ataxia, potentially seizures
34
what are the insulin drugs approved for vet use?
vetsulin: porcine zinc insulin, mainly used for dogs prozinc: formulated with protamine and zinc, mainly used for cats
35
what are human-approved insulins that are sometimes used for dogs and cats?
neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, insulin Glargine (commonly used for cats), and insulin Detemir
36
what are some short-acting insulins?
only used for emergencies administered IV, IM, or SQ Humulin-R and Novolin-R
37
what two hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
Thyroxine (T4) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
38
where is the thyroid gland located?
in the neck near the larynx
39
hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid hormone more common in dogs
40
how can hypothyroidism be diagnosed?
total T4 blood test or thyroid stimulation test
41
what are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?
decreased coat luster/alopecia, weight gain without an increased appetite, listlessness, intolerance to cold, reproductive failure, skin more susceptible to disease
42
hyperthyroidism
excessive activity of thyroid gland more common in cats
43
how can hyperthyroidism be diagnosed?
a T4 or T3 blood test
44
what are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?
weight loss despite increased appetite, increased thirst, increased stool production, restlessness, increased vocalizations, tachycardia
45
how is hypothyroidism managed?
thyroid replacement therapy
46
what drugs are used for thyroid replacement therapy?
Levothyroxine sodium (synthetic form of T4) Liothyronine sodium (synthetic form of T3)
47
how is hyperthyroidism managed?
inhibiting thyroid hormone production and may be followed by destroying/removing the thyroid gland
48
what drugs are used to manage hyperthyroidism?
Methimazole (anti-thyroid drug) radioactive isotopes of iodine (destroys thyroid gland)
49
what regulates the adrenal cortex and what does the adrenal cortex produce?
the adrenal cortex is regulated by the hypothalamus (ACTH) and it produces corticosteroids
50
what does the adrenal medulla produce?
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
51
hypoadrenocorticism
adrenocortical insufficiency Addison's disease
52
what are the clinical signs of hyporadrenocorticism?
nonspecific, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, PUPD
53
hyperadrenocorticism
too much hormone Cushing's disease
54
what are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism?
PUPD, dull hair coat, thinning hair, potbelly appearance
55
how is hypoadrenocorticism managed?
Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP): long-acting mineralocorticoid approved for dog use glucocorticoids: Prednisone or Prednisolone, often given with DOCP Fludrocortisone acetate: human-approved drug that can be used in animals
56
how is hyperadrenocorticism managed?
Mitotane: destroys adrenal gland which decreases cortisol production Trilostane: decreases production of adrenocortical hormones Ketoconazole: antifugal drug that also blocks enzymes needed to produce steroid compounds
57
gonads
produces germ cells
58
androgens
male sex hormones
59
what drugs are male hormone-like?
testosterone products and anabolic steroids
60
which male hormone drugs are testosterone products?
Synovex H, Component E-H with Tylan controlled drugs
61
which male hormone drugs are anabolic steroids?
synthetic steroidal drugs with anabolic effects (promotion of muscle growth) they have androgenic effects similar to testosterone ex: Boldenone (Equipoise)- horses, Stanozolol (Winstrol-V)- horses, Einasteride- dogs
62
what drugs are female hormone-like?
estrogens and progesterones
63
which female hormone drugs are estrogen products?
Estriol (incurin): synthetic estrogen product that treats urinary incontinence/urine leakage
64
which female hormone drugs are progesterone products?
Medroxyprogesterone acetate Altrenogest (Regu-Mate, Altren, Ovamed) Melengesterol acetate (MGA): synthetic progesterone
65
prostaglandins
occur naturally in the body and there are 6 different classes (classified as A-F)
66
what do prostaglandin drugs do?
synchronize estrus, treat pyometra, cause abortions, induce pig parturition
67
which species are prostaglandin drugs used on?
large animals
68
what are some examples of prostaglandin drugs?
Dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse) Cloprostenol sodium (Estrumate, estroPLAN)
69
what do gonadotropins do?
stimulate gonads to release LH and FSH

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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