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Pharmacology II > Fluid therapy > Flashcards

Fluid therapy Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

what is the primary fluid in the body?

A

water
distributed amongst: cells, blood vessels, tissue spaces

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2
Q

where can water be found (cell wise)?

A
  1. intracellular
  2. extracellular
    -can be intravascular (within blood vessels) or interstitial (in tissue spaces between blood vessels and cells
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3
Q

how much of the body weight does water make up?

A

60% of the body weight

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4
Q

how much of the water in the body is intracellular?

A

40%
the remaining 20% is extracellular fluid and found in the plasma and in the interstitial fluid between cells

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5
Q

what do healthy animals have an equilibrium of?
(water based)

A

equilibrium between amount of water taken in and amount lost

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6
Q

what is body water made up of?

A

solutes and solvents

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7
Q

solutes

A

substances that dissolve into solvents
ex: electrolytes

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8
Q

solvents

A

what the substances dissolve into
ex: body water

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9
Q

how do you correct an imbalance of fluid or electrolytes?

A

fluid therapy

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10
Q

what is important to know about balancing body fluids?

A

fluid balance depends on electrolyte balance
when fluid volume changes, electrolyte concentration changes

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11
Q

which electrolytes are the most important in electrolyte regulation?

A

sodium and potassium

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure/force that develops when 2 solutions of different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane

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13
Q

osmolality

A

measures the number of dissolved particles per kg of water

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14
Q

how can you determine dehydration?

A

pulse rate and quality, CRT, mm, eye position, patient history, skin turgor test

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15
Q

what are reasons why fluid would need to be administered?

A

correct electrolyte balance, promote kidney diuresis, maintain tissue/organ perfusion rate while under anesthesia, replace fluid loss, medicine

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16
Q

what are the routes for giving fluids?

A

oral: short-term, given by drinking, syringe, or nasogastric tube
SQ: used to correct mild dehydration or imbalances, 5-10 mL of fluid per lb of body weight per site
IO: via bone marrow using sterile technique and anesthesia, rapid and precise administration, useful for birds and exotics
IV: preferred for sick and/or critical patients, rapid delivery at precise dosage, requires close monitoring, higher possibility of fluid overload

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17
Q

what are the two categories of fluids?

A

crystalloids and colloids

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18
Q

crystalloid solutions

A

solutions that contain electrolytes/salts and can be with or without glucose

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19
Q

what are the different ways crystalloid solutions can be categorized?

A

isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

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20
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

condition in which the liquid portion of the blood is low
can be caused by excessive vomiting, diarrhea, or blood loss

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21
Q

what are some examples of isotonic crystalloid solutions?

A

isotonic saline, LRS, normosol and plasma-lyte A or R

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22
Q

isotonic crystalloid solutions

A

same solute concentration as blood, used to replace fluid loss, similar composition as plasma, commonly used for hypovolemic shock

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23
Q

hypertonic crystalloid solutions

A

greater solute concentration than blood, have high sodium concentrations and cause water to rapidly move out of cells and into blood vessels, often used for edema and shock, work rapidly but have a short duration of action so usually used alongside colloid solutions

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24
Q

what are some examples of hypertonic crystalloid solutions?

Study These Flashcards
A

0.9% normal saline with 5% Dextrose, 3% normal saline

25
hypotonic crystalloid solutions
less solute concentration than blood, fluids with less sodium concentration than ECF, cause a portion of the fluid to move out of the intravascular space, can be used in patients who have high sodium levels or patients who can't tolerate solutions with sodium
26
what are some examples of hypotonic crystalloid solutions?
5% Dextrose in water, 0.25% normal saline, 0.45% normal saline
27
colloid solutions
solutions with large molecules that stay in the vessels longer, causes fluids to pull water into the circulatory system
28
oncotic pressure
osmotic pressure exerted by colloids in a solution (pressure exerted by plasma proteins)
29
what can colloid solutions be used to treat?
used for vascular space expansion, treats hypovolemic shock and hypoproteinemia (low blood protein)
30
what are some examples of colloid solutions?
natural: plasma, albumin, whole blood synthetic: vetstartch, hetastarch (Hydroxyethyl starch), Dextran
31
whole blood
colloid solution treats severe anemia/blood loss contains RBC, WBC, platelets and plasma components of blood collected and stored in anticogulants good for 28-30 days crossmatching done before use
32
plasma
colloid solution can be stored frozen for years contains albumins and globulins use within 6 hours of thawing adverse reactions: fever, urticaria, hypotension
33
albumin
colloid solution main protein in blood too much or too rapidly can cause fluid to be retained in lung vessels adverse reactions: fever, anorexia, sudden death, 1-2 week delayed reaction can be fatal available: lyophilized canine albumen, human albumin products
34
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)
synthetic colloid that expands plasma volume derivative of amylopectin (starch that structurally resembles glycogen) treats hypovolemic shock and hypoproteinemia adverse reactions: urticaria, periorbital edema, dyspnea, coagulopathies not used in patients with fluid overload, pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure
35
tetrastarches (Vetstarch)
safer, more expensive, less adverse effects
36
Dextran
can come in saline or dextrose has large polysaccharides derived from sugar beets 2 concentrations: 40 and 70 expands circulating blood volume within 1 hour and effects last 24 hours or more treats shock adverse effects: increased bleeding time, anaphylactic reactions, development of acute renal failure, GI effects, increased blood glucose levels when metabolized
37
what are crystalloid solutions commonly used for?
more common in GP only 25-35% remains within intravascular space after 30 minutes of administration great for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
38
what are colloid solutions commonly used for?
more common in emergency remain in intravascular space longer great for treating shock or critical patients stay in vessels longer
39
what should be written on a fluid bag label?
patient's name, date opened, name and amount of additive, date and time of administration started, flow rate, expiration date, initials
40
how fast should you give fluids?
rate depends on severity of dehydration, usually replaced rapidly at first then tapered to a maintenance dose shock fluid rates are higher than maintenance fluid rates rate of replacement of deficit depends on cardio and renal status of patient -might need to decrease rate in cardio/renal issue patients to avoid overloading
41
how are fluids usually given?
over 24 hour period, administered using fluid pumps that are programmed by the user to deliver fluids at a specified rate or via drip administration sets that deliver a constant number of drops/mL of fluid
42
drip administration sets
set has a spike to penetrate container of fluids, a drip chamber, and a long flexible tube that connects to the patient's catheter
43
how can the fluid rate be adjusted on the drip administration sets?
adjust rate by adjusting the diameter of the line delivering the fluids roller clamps can be adjusted to increase or decrease amount of fluid delivered
44
adult administration set rate
15 gtt/mL
45
pediatric administration set rate
60 gtt/mL
46
VTBI
volume to be infused
47
PRI
primary rate of infusion
48
Dextrose fluid additive
carbohydrate that corrects hypoglycemia used for patients with high metabolic needs or anorexic patients with sepsis not a calorie source but serves as an energy source for the brain adverse effects: hyperosmolar syndrome (if given too fast), decreased mentation, weakness, ataxia
49
potassium additive
necessary for contraction of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles and other physiologic processes must be consumed daily can't be stored in body easily lost through kidneys and urine supplemented to anorexic patients, fluid losses given IV slow to avoid bradycardia
50
low potassium term and signs
hypokalemia signs: lethargy, muscle weakness, vomiting
51
what happens if you give potassium too fast?
heart stops
52
KCl additive
supplement solution used to add potassium to fluids
53
sodium bicarbonate additive
plays a vital role in acid-base balance added to fluids to correct metabolic acidosis adverse effects: alkalosis, electrolyte abnormalities needs to be given slowly incompatible with several solutions
54
signs of metabolic acidosis
severe shock, diabetic acidosis, severe renal disease, prolonged cardiac arrest
55
calcium additive
necessary for functioning of nerves and muscles, clotting of blood, building of bones and teeth, and other physiologic processes give slowly to avoid hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest can be given in combo with magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and Dextrose give IV, monitor cardiac and respiratory rate and rhythm
56
what are the causes of hypocalcemia?
milk fever, eclampsia, endocrine disease
57
what are calcium supplements?
calcium gluconate and calcium chloride
58
why can vitamins be used as additives?
vitamins are lost rapidly by anorexic or debilitated animals
59
what is an example of a vitamin additive?
vitamin B complex frequently added to IV fluids can cause pain SQ sensitive to light

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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