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Pharmacology II > Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Eyes and Ears Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

what are the two chambers that the eyes are divided into?

A

aqueous and vitreous chambers
aqueous chamber contains watery aqueous humor
vitreous chamber contains gelatinous vitreous body

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2
Q

globe

A

multi-layered sphere that makes up the majority of the eye

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3
Q

sclera

A

outer layer of the globe

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4
Q

cornea

A

transparent anterior portion of the sclera

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5
Q

choroid

A

middle layer of the globe
contains iris, pupil, lens, and ciliary body

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6
Q

iris

A

pigmented, helps regulate the amount of light entering the pupil

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7
Q

pupil

A

circular opening in the center of the iris

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8
Q

lens

A

clear, flexible, curved capsule behind the iris/pupil
responsible for focusing

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9
Q

ciliary body

A

extension of the choroid that assists in accommodation of the lens

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10
Q

uvea

A

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

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11
Q

retina

A

inner layer of the globe
receives images
contains rods and cones that convert visual images into nerve impulses that travel to the brain through the optic nerve

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12
Q

functions of ophthalmic drugs

A

treat infections, reduce inflammation, decrease pain, dilate/constrict pupil, decrease intraocular pressure, increase eye lubrication

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13
Q

how do ophthalmic drugs work?

A

topicals penetrate the cornea by diffusion and tend to be absorbed into the anterior chamber
water soluble drugs: penetrate cornea and reach their target tissue through the blood
lipid soluble drugs: penetrate the corneal epithelium and reach target tissue by diffusion

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14
Q

diagnostic drugs

A

used to locate lesions/foreign objects in the eye

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15
Q

topical anesthetics

A

numbs eyes
effective in 5-10 minutes
lasts up to 2 hours
store in fridge away from light
ex: Proparacaine, Hydrochloride, Tetracaine hydrochloride

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16
Q

Fluorescein sodium

A

diagnostic drug
aka Fluorescein stain
detects corneal abrasions, ulcers, foreign bodies
stain will appear in nasal secretions too

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17
Q

Schirmer tear test strips

A

diagnostic drug
used to diagnose keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
blue dye released when they become wet and held in eye for 1 minute
only used in dogs
< 10mm/min = KCS

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18
Q

mydriatic drugs function

A

pupil opening/dilating
used along or in combination with cycloplegics (which paralyze ciliary muscles that control lens shape) and decrease pain
used to reduce inflammation, as pre-op for ocular surgery, to sever or prevent adhesions between iris and lens

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19
Q

Atropine

A

anticholinergic mydriatic drug
produces mydriasis and cycloplegia
treats acute inflammation of anterior uvea
peak effect: 30-40 minutes for mydriasis, 1-3 hours for cycloplegia
contraindictions: glaucoma, KCS

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20
Q

Homatropine, Isopto Homatropine, Homatropine Ophthalmic

A

anticholinergic mydriatic drugs
produces mydriasis and cycloplegia
used for eye exams
treats uveitis
faster onset and shorter duration than Atropine

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21
Q

Phenylephrine

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A

direct-acting alpha-1 sympathomimetic mydriatic drug
produces mydriasis only
used to dilate pupils prior to cataract removal
evaluates Horner’s Syndrome
causes local vasoconstriction

22
Q

Tropicamide

Study These Flashcards
A

acetylcholine receptor blocker mydriatic drug
used for fundic exam
rapid onset and short duration
slight cycloplegia effect
contraindications: glaucoma, KCS

23
Q

miotic drug functions

Study These Flashcards
A

pupil closing/constricting drugs
cholinergics
used to treat open-angle glaucoma by lifting the iris away from the filtration angle area to allow aqueous humor to flow out

24
Q

Pilocarpine

Study These Flashcards
A

topical cholinergic miotic drug
onset: 10-30 minutes
duration: 4-8 hours

25
primary glaucoma
acquired structural defect
26
secondary glaucoma
ocular disease or trauma
27
congenital glaucoma
genetic defect
28
Prostaglandins
topical pressure reducing drugs increase outflow of aqueous humor Latantoprost: causes miosis, store in fridge other ex: Bimatoprost, Travoprost
29
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) functions
inhibit enzyme systems involved in the production of aqueous humor which decreases aqueous humor formation oral or parenteral takes 4-5 days to reach maximum effects topical CAIs: Brinzolamide, Dorzolamide systemic CAIs: Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamid, Methazolamide
30
Beta-adnergic blockers
pressure reducing drugs decrease aqueous humor production sympatholytic drugs caution with cardio patients treats primary glaucoma -lol
31
Alpha-adnergic agonists
pressure reducing drugs reduce aqueous humor secretion sympathomimetic drugs typically combined with other drugs ex: Apraclonidine, Brimonidine
32
Osmotic diuretics
pressure reducing drugs promotes release of water from tissues used before surgery or as an ER treatment for glaucoma given IV ex: Mannitol
33
Dry eye correcting drug functions
treats KCS
34
pressure reducing drug functions
treats glaucoma
35
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
decreased tear production resulting in persistent mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal scarring and ulceration thought to be immune related use of Sulfonamides may cause
36
Immunomodulating drug functions
dry eye correcting drugs decrease immune response to a desired level
37
Cyclosporine (Optimmune)
immunomodulating dry eye correcting drug interferes with interleukin production by T lymphocytes, stops local inflammation, improves tear production local, no systemic absorption
38
Tacrolimus
immunomodulating dry eye correcting drug used in cyclosporine-resistant cases of KCS compounded to an ophthalmic aqueous suspension used extra-label in vet
39
Lacrimogenic drug functions
increase tear production by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system
40
Pilocarpine
lacrimogenic dry eye correcting drug formerly used topical and oral
41
Artificial tears
lacrimogenic dry eye correcting drug isotonic solution, pH buffered, lubricant for dry eyes, OTC
42
antibiotic-glucocorticoid preparations
lacriomogenic dry eye correcting drug treats bacterial infections, decreases inflammation due to KCS *only use if there aren't any corneal ulcers*
43
topical antibacterial agents
used to treat bacterial infections, decrease inflammation of the eye, and relieve allergic conditions ex: triple antibiotic ointments (Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin B)
44
topical agents with steroids
typical antibiotic + glucocorticoid *only use if there aren't any corneal ulcers* common steroids used: Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Dexamethasone
45
common ear issues
infection/infestation (bacteria, yeast, mites), trauma (ear hematoma), allergies (inflammation, itching)
46
what is the key to controlling otitis?
determine the primary cause perform a physical exam with otoscope and check tympanic membrane perform diagnostic testing: ear cytology (yeast vs bacteria) and ear culture (antibiotic resistant?)
47
otic drug classes
class 1: topical antifungals class 2a: topical antibiotics class 2b: topical antibiotics (long-acting) class 3: antiparasitics
48
class 1 otic drugs
topical antifungals used to treat yeast infections -azole drugs ex: Nystatin super common ones: Clotrimazole, Thiabendazole
49
class 2a otic drugs
topical antibiotics can be combined with steroids some are the same as antifungals and can treat both some are ototoxic (= harmful to inner ear) ex: Gentamicin (ototoxic), Neomycin (ototoxic), Thiostrepeon (ototoxic), Enrofloxacin, Orbifloxacin
50
class 2b otic drugs
topical antibiotics (long-acting) meds applied once or twice and last long term clients instructed not to clean/medicate at home after leave in med is applied ex: Florfenicol (can treat yeast as well) glucocorticoids sometimes used with antibacterials/antifungals to reduce inflammation (ex: Fluocinolone, Mometasome, -sone/-lone)

Pharmacology II (14 decks)

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