antivirals and vaccines Flashcards by Jacob Amato

what do antivirals do

Block specific steps in the virus life cycle

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what is important for antivirals to be used in people

Active aginst virus replication, but not normal cellular function to reduce toxicity

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how does antivirals target

Exploit strucutural, functional, and genomic information

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How common is viral resistance to antiviral drugs

common, requiring continued development efforts

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general ways that antivirals can block viruses

Fusion inhibitors
Ion channel blockers
Polymerase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Neuramidase inhibitors

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What does Enfuvirdtide treat

HIV

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action of Enfuvirtide

Blocks refolding of gp41

by blinding to it, iInhibiting membrane fusion

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what does Amantadine and rimantadine treat

influenza

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how does amantadine and remantadine work

blocks influenza ion channel (M2) (brings in H+ normally, so blocked, endsome can’t become acidified) preventing nucleocapside release at the end of the cell entry process

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action of nucleoside analogs

Chain terminators- lack some portion of the sugar ring(missing one of the hydroxyl groups)

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what does Acyclovir treat

herpesvirus infection

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the first antiviral approved for clinical use

Acyclovir

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what were the key hurdles for antiviral success of Acyclovir

Specificity depending on virus thymadine kinase (TK)-binds here
Bioavailability-hard to get to the site of infection

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what is Acyclovir most effective against

HSV-1 and HSV2

less effective for EBV and VZV and even less effective for CMV

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what is Acyclovir

like nucleoside inhibitors for herpesvirus infections

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what is Ganciclovir effective against

CMV

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why is Ganciclovir more toxic than other antiviral preventing genome replication

interference with Cellular kinase

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Benifit of Valganciclovir over acyclovir

SImilar activtiy, but improved oral bioavailability

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what does Foscarnet treat

HErpesvirus

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how does Foscarnet treat herpesvirus

Prevents viral polymerase activity

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how is Foscarnet administared

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problem with Foscarnet

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Toxic

what can inhibit HIV and HBV

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Nucleoside inhibitors

why are nucleoside inhibitors good for HIV and HBV

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Good oral availability

problem with Nucleosides inhibitors for HIV and HBV

toxicity | Resistance observed

how to use nucleoside inhibitors for HIV and HBV

use more than one type of nucleoside inhibitors, including one from another class

can you use nucleoside inhibitors on RNA viruses

Yes

what does Ribavirin treat

RNA viruses

Action of triphosphate form Ribavirin to treat RNA viruses

TRiphophate form inhibits polymerase

action of monophosphate form Ribavirin to treat RNA viruses

Inhibits inosine monophosphate deydrogenase lowering GTP in cells

what does Ribavirin do generally to treat RNA viruses

Impairs capping of mRNA

what is needed for maturation of progeny viruses

cleavage of virus polypeptide

are immature progeny(un-cleaved polypeptide) infectious

What does ritonavir treat

HIV

action of ritonavir

Blocks cleavage of GAg-POl polypeptide Boosts activity of other protease inhibitors beacuse it also blocks the action of cellular proteases that act on other viral protease inhibitors

what is needed to influenza to be released by the cells

Neuraminidase

Neuraminidase inhibitors do what

keep influenza from leaving the cell

what is all part of bioavailability

``` absorption into the body transport to site of infection intake by cell therapeutic window (half-life) ```

antiviral challenges

Bioavailability Specificity Toxicity

what antivirals block viral attachment and entry

enfuviritide (HIV) Docosanol (HSV) Palivizumab (RSV)

what antivirals block penetration

Interferon-alpha (HBV, HCV)

what antivirals block uncoating

Amantadine (influenza) | Rimantadine (influenza)

what antivirals block nucleic acid synthesis

``` NRTI (HIV) NNRTI (HIV) Acyclovir (HSV) toscarnet (CMV) entecavir (HBV) ```

What antivirals block late protein synthesis and preocessing

Protease inhibitors (HIV)

what antivirals block viral release

Neuraminidase inhibitors (Influenza)

how were interferons discovered

By isaacs and Lindenmann, noticing that cultured cels infected with 1 virus were resistant to infection by a second virus. This was transferable to uninfected cels Identified proteins responsible for the effect

mech of interferon action

Not well understood

do Interferons work better against RNA or DNA virus

RNA virus

what is reversion of the poliovaccine

Vaccine-acquired paralytic poliomyelitis

what amount of poliovaccines revert

1:1,000.000 to 3,000,000

what poliovaccine is now used in the US

killed vaccine because polio rate is so low

what cell types are important for vaccines

B cells CD8+ T cells CD4- T cells

what vaccines utilize B cells only

Pneumonococccal | HIB (unless conjugated to other antigens)

what vaccines utilize B cells and T cell immunity including sec IgA

Influenza, polio, oral typhoid

antivirals and vaccines Flashcards

(54 cards)