Vaccination

Question 1

The development of antibodies in response to antigenic stimulation

Answer 1

Active immunity

Question 2

transferred protection through performed antibodies produced by another individual

Answer 2

Passive Immunity

Question 3

Vaccination is what type of Immunity

Answer 3

Active immunity

Question 4

Prefomed antibodies is what type of Immunity

Answer 4

Passive Immunity

Question 5

time scale for active immunity

Answer 5

long duration of protection with a delayed onset

Question 6

time scale for passive immunity

Answer 6

Immediate onset

short duration of protection- doesnt give memory to cell

Question 7

Advantage of passive immunity

Answer 7

Immeidate protection

Question 8

Disadvantage of passive immunity

Answer 8

no long term protection
serum sickness
risk of infection (Hepatits, HIV)
graft vs host disease (cell graft only)

Question 9

Natural passive Immunity exampes

Answer 9

Placental transfer of IgG

Colostral transfer of IgA

Question 10

Artificial passive Immunity examples

Answer 10

injection of Antibodies or immunoglobulins and Immune cells

Question 11

How is the infant born with some kind of immune system

Answer 11

lots of Maternal IgG at birth

then at 6th months the Maternal IgG goes away and the newborn IgG replaces it due to exposures and vaccines

Question 12

Clinical signification of IgM and IgG

Answer 12

IgM high: recent/acute infection

IgG high: immunity and memory or chronic

Question 13

Process of induction of immunity to a pathogen by deliberate injection of a weakened, modified or related form of the pathogen which is no longer pathogenic

Answer 13

Vaccination

Question 14

what did Edward Jenner do to discover smallpox vaccine, immunological memory, and cross presentation

Answer 14

noticed that if you got small pox once, you didnt get it again and if you get coxpox(mild small pox) you also wouldnt get smallpox in the future
gave coxpox hand puss to a kid by putting it in a cut. Then he exposed the kid to smallpox. The kid never got small pox( it was very mild)

Question 15

The principle behind the smallpox vaccine

Answer 15

Cowpox and Smallpox share some surface antigens
Immunization with cowpox induces antibodies against cowbox surface antigens
Cowpox antibodies bind to and neutralize the smallpox virus

Question 16

substances when mixed with an immunogen enhances the immune response

Answer 16

Immunologic adjuvants

Question 17

result of Immunologic adjuvants

Answer 17

Prolongs antigen persistence
Enhances co-stimulatory signals
Induces germinal center formation
Stimulates Lymphocyte proliferations

Question 18

how does an immunologic adjuvants prolong antigen persistence

Answer 18

slows release of antigens at the injection site

Question 19

how does an immunologic adjuvant enhance co-stimulatory signals

Answer 19

Increased expression of MHC and B7 molecules

Secretes cytokines

Question 20

what is needed to turn on a robust activation by a vaccine

Answer 20

Immunologic adjuvants

Question 21

why does a vaccine not make a robust immune response

Answer 21

doesnt have all the danger signals present

Question 22

Are Immunologic adjuvants good across all species

Answer 22

different depend on species

Question 23

Adimal Immunologic Adjuvant

Answer 23

Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA, oil-in water emulsion)

Question 24

Human Immunologic Adjuvant

Answer 24

Alum (aluminum hydroxide) only adjuvant used for human vaccines in the US

Question 25

Modern Adjuvants

Answer 25

TLR agonists (CpG), Cytokines (GM-CSF, IL2)

Question 26

How the Immune system responds in a vaccine

Answer 26

Dendritic cells pick up the antigen and cary it to the lymph node there it activates the T cells and B cells leading to a primary response and antibodies in the blood Goes back to tissue and makes a response as a memory ( in addition to effector cells)

Question 27

where does the primary response occur for a vaccineation

Answer 27

in the lymph node (or spleen)

Question 28

where do b cells mature and helper t cells in the lymph node

Answer 28

in the germinal centers

Question 29

where does the secondary response occur

Answer 29

doesnt have to occure in the lymph node and bone marrow

Question 30

where does the priamry response occur

Answer 30

in the spleen or lymph node

Question 31

Types of Vaccines

Answer 31

``` Live, Attenuated vaccine Inactivated Vaccines Subunit vaccines Toxoid vaccines Conjugate Vaccines DNA vaccines Recombinant vector vacines ```

Question 32

Vaccine the contains a version of the living microbe that has been weaken in the lab so it cannot cause disease

Answer 32

Live, Attenuated Vaccine

Question 33

what vaccine is closest to a natural infection

Answer 33

Live, Attenuated

Question 34

strength of response to Live, Attenuated vaccine

Answer 34

robust Immune response (strong cellular (CD4 and CD8)) | strong antibody response (long-lived memory B cells)

Question 35

length of immunty for live, attenuated vaccines

Answer 35

lifelong immunity with 1 or 2 doses

Question 36

disadvantage of Live, attenuated vaccine

Answer 36

possibility of reversion toa virulent form Safety Concerns Must be refrigerated

Question 37

Contraindications for Live, attenuated vaccine

Answer 37

Very young Very old People with damaged or weakened immune system (Chemo or HIV)

Question 38

Why is a big deal that Live, attenuated vaccines are refrigerated

Answer 38

Shipping/storage | Developing countries

Question 39

why are live, attenuated vaccines easy to create

Answer 39

Small number of genes | Easier to control characteristics

Question 40

how to make live attenuated vaccines

Answer 40

put virus in a bad envirnoment that they don't survive well in Virus mutates to survive in new environment, and therefor is no longer nirulent to natural human host

Question 41

How are viruses inactivated to create inactivated vaccines

Answer 41

Chem Heat Radiation

Question 42

Advantage of Inactivated vaccines over live vaccines

Answer 42

More stable

Question 43

why are inactivated vaccines seen as more stable

Answer 43

Microbes can't mutate back to their disease causign state | no need to refrigerate

Question 44

why are inactivated vaccines good for developing nations

Answer 44

can easily be stored and transported in a freeze-dried form since they don't require refrigeration

Question 45

Disadvantage of Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 45

Stimulate a weak immune system response ( need addition doses, or booster shots, to maintain immune)

Question 46

why are inactivated vaccines not great for people with out regular access to health care

Answer 46

need booster shots

Question 47

vaccines that include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system

Answer 47

Subunit vaccine

Question 48

The antigens that best stimulate the immune system

Answer 48

Immunodominant epitope

Question 49

advantage of subunit vacccines

Answer 49

Chances of adverse ractions to the vaccine is low

Question 50

why does a subunit vaccine have a low chance of adverse reactiosn

Answer 50

No live microbes | Less microbial particles

Question 51

Antigen # in subunit vaccines

Answer 51

1-20 antigens

Question 52

difficulty in making subunit vaccines

Answer 52

Identify which antigen best stimulate the immune system is a tricky time consuming process

Question 53

how can a subunit vaccine be made

Answer 53

miCrobes broken down into multiple antigenic component | Antigen molecules from the microbe can be manufactured using recombinant DNA tech

Question 54

Vaccines produced by antigen molecules from the mcirobe using recombinant DNA

Answer 54

REcombinant subunit vaccines

Question 55

what VIrus is vaccinated against using recombinant subunit vaccines

Answer 55

Hep B virus

Question 56

when would you use a toxoid vaccine

Answer 56

for bacteria that secrete toxins or harmful chem (when bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness)

Question 57

How to inactivate a toxin for a Toxoid vaccine

Answer 57

Treating with formalin

Question 58

what is Formalin

Answer 58

Solution of formaldehyde and sterlized water

Question 59

detoxified toxins

Answer 59

Toxoids

Question 60

what does Formalin remove to turn a toxin to a toxoid

Answer 60

Removed Toxin moiety but leaves the antigenic determinants ( leads to immune response without toxicity)

Question 61

what diseases are treated with toxoid vaccines

Answer 61

Diphtheria and tetanus

Question 62

what type of bacteria may be difficult for the immune system to detect

Answer 62

Encapsulated bacteria because the polysaccharises help evade immune detection

Question 63

When are Conjugate vaccines used

Answer 63

Against Encapsulated Bacteria

Question 64

How does a COnjugate vaccine work

Answer 64

Take part of the bacteria unique to microorganism and conjugate it to a polysaccharide to help the immune system recognize it better

Question 65

example of a conjugate vaccine

Answer 65

Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib)

Question 66

What does Vaccination programs rely on

Answer 66

Herd immunity

Question 67

what defines the level of herd immunity required

Answer 67

disease virulence Transmissibility Vaccine efficay

Question 68

what percentage is ideal for a population for vaccines

Answer 68

95% (protects those who have yet to vaccinated or immunized

Question 69

under vaccination cause

Answer 69

low access to helath care

Question 70

un vacccination cause

Answer 70

Choice or cannot take vaccines

Question 71

what plays in the roll of why or why not a child will be vaccinated

Answer 71

``` Religion belief Health belief socioeconomic status Education Personal Experience Relationship with provider ```