Parasitology Flashcards
(279 cards)
1
Q
Organisms that are Physiologically dependent upon their host for survival
A
Parasite
2
Q
Two main groups are parasites
A
Protozoa
Helminths
3
Q
Microscopic single celled eukaryotes
A
Protozoa
4
Q
Macroscopic, multicellular warms of various lengths with differentiated tissues and complex organ systems
A
Helminths
5
Q
The relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the host
A
Parasitism
6
Q
Living in harmoney with host
A
Commensalism
7
Q
What are most parasites
A
Commensals
8
Q
A host used by a parasite in the course of its life cycle and can multiply asexually but not sexually
A
Intermediate host
9
Q
where sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place
A
Definitive host
10
Q
Any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant animal or fungi
A
Protista
11
Q
how many cells are protista
A
Unicellular that does not form tissues
12
Q
Types of Protozoa
A
Sarcodina
Mastigophora
Apicomplexa
13
Q
The amebas
A
Sarcodina
14
Q
The Flagellates
A
Mastigophora
15
Q
The non motile adults
A
Apicomplexa
16
Q
The types of Helminths
A
Roungworms
Flatworms
17
Q
where can Adult Roungworms(nematodes) live
A
Reside in GI tract, blood, Lymphatic system or subcutaneous tissue
18
Q
What are Flatworms
A
Tapeworms
19
Q
How is the Cytoplasm of Protozoa devided
A
Into inner endoplasm and thin outer ectoplasm
20
Q
What is found in ENdoplasm
A
Granular containing nutrients
21
Q
What is the Ectoplasm
A
Organelle of locomotion (Pseudopods and Flagella)
22
Q
How do PRotozoa eat
A
Heterotrophic assimilating organic nutrients, engulfing soluble or particular matter via pinocytosis and phagocytosis
23
Q
What type Parasite is Entamoeba Histoltica
A
An AMeoba (Sarcodina)
24
Q
What does Entamoeba Histolytica cause
A
Amebic Dysentery
25
how many people are infected with Entamoeba Histolytica
50 million worldwide
26
where is Entamoeba Histolytica found
Humans are the principle host and reservoir
27
how is Entamoeba Histolytica transmitted
Fecal-oral route, directly or indirectly through contaminated water
28
How infectious is Entamoeba Histolytica
USually need greater than 1000 to infect, but one cyst can cause an infections
29
how many cysts does an individual infected with Entamoeba Histolytica pass
45 million cysts daily
30
what are the forms of Entamoeba Histolytica
Trophozoite
| Cysts
31
the envirnomental form of Entamoeba Histolytica
Cysts
32
what does the cyst form of Entamoeba Histolytica resist
heat, low pH, chlorine in inmuniciplal water
33
where is the trophozoites form of Entamoeba Histolytica found
Dwells in lumen or wall of the colon
34
Nucleus of Entamoeba Histolytica cysts
immature: 1 nucleus
Mature: 4 nucleuses
35
Chromatoid bodies of Entamoeba Histolytica Cysts
Present in immature, but absorbed as cyst matures
36
how does the trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica respire
Microaerophilic
37
where does the trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica replicate
in the anaerobic environment of the gut
38
mitochondria of trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica
No mitrochondria
39
how does an Entamoeba Histolytica cyst turn into a trophozoite
Cysts injested, pass through stomach to arive at small bowel, then turn into a trophozoite
40
what form of Entamoeba Histolytica invades the intestinal mucosa
Trophozoite
41
where does Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery occur most
In the tropic with poor sanitation
42
Symptoms of Infection of Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery
Most the times asymptomatic
Invasive: ab pain, diarrhea, bloody poo, farts
Fulminating amebric Dysentery: high fever, ab cramps, liver pain, profuse diarrhea
Liver abscesses that can spread to pericardium
Extra intestinal disease(1%)- can result in liver absceses, lung and brain involvement
43
Immunity to Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery
Incomplete and does not correlate with antibody response
| trophozoites shed antibody and resist complement lysis
44
Diagnosis of Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery
Microscopic diagnosis - presence in stool (separate from E. dispar because Trophozoites ingest RBC)
Enzyme immunoassay
45
TReatment of Entamoeba Histolytica Amebic Dysentery
With MEtronidazole plus other agents
46
What does Naegleria Fowleri Cause
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
47
who does Naegleria Fowleri infect
Healthy kids and young adults
48
Risk factors for Naegleria Fowleri AMebic Meningoencephalitis
Full body contact with shallow warm fresh water containing the bi-flagellate parasite form
49
How does Naegleria Fowleri enter to cause amebic meningoencephalitis
Nost, penetrate nasal mucosa and migrates to the brain via olfactory nerves
50
Result of Naegleria Fowleri amebic Meningoencephalitis
death within 5-6 days
51
How commone is Naegleria Fowleri Amebic Meningoencephalitis
300 cases reported in US, australia, and Europe
52
Acanthamoeba can cause
Keratisis(Corneal Ulcerations)
| GRanulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
53
Where are Acanthamoeba found
Worldwide in soil, fresh and brackish water, cooling towers, heating ventilating and air conditions, humidifers, jacuzzies, dental irrrigation untis
54
What is Grranulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
Serious infection of the brain and spinal cord
55
who does Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis affect
Those with compromised immun systems
56
Chronic progressive ulceration lesion of the eye that may lead to pain and blindness
Keratitis
57
who is at risk of Keratitis
Contact lens wearers due to improper disinfections
58
How to treat KEratitis
must be started early
59
Where are Flagellates found
Widespread in nature
60
How do Flagellates move
Flagellum
61
where do Flagellates parasite in humans
Mouth
Vagina
Intestines
62
What Flagellates Induce Disease
TRichomonas Vaginalis
Giardia Lamblia
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
63
The noninvasive Luminal Flagellates
TRichomonas Vaginalis
| Giardia Lamblia
64
The Invasive disease causing Flagellates
Leishmania
| Trypanosoma
65
Morphological stages of Trichomonas Vaginalis
Only exist as Trophozoite, cannot encyst
66
Size of Trichomonas Vaginalis
Larger than a white blood cell
67
What organelle does TRichomonas Vaginalis lack
Mitochondria
68
What does Trichomonas Vaginalis cause
Trichomoniasis (STD)
69
How many people are infected with Trichomonas Vaginalis
8 million in US (180 mill worldwide)
70
How does Trichomonas Vaginalis spread
Skin to skin contact from vaginal intercourse
71
Infection with Trichomonas Vaginalis increases risk of what
Increases risk of HIV transmission
72
Symptoms of Trichomoniasis
Mostly Asymptomatic
| 30% have symptoms
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Women symptoms of TRichomoniasis
Produces PErsistent Vaginitis
Vaginal Discharge
Vulvar itching and burning, Dyspereunia, Dysuria
74
Men symptoms of Trichomoniasis
Urethral and prostatic infections that are usually asymptomatic
Dysuria
Non-purulent discharge from urethra
75
Diagnosis Trichomoniasis
Wet mount examination for motile Trophozoites
76
TReatment of Trichomoniasis
ORal Metronidazole
| Sex partners need to be treated to prevent reinfection
77
Who does Giardia Lamblia infect
Humand and many mammals
78
where is Giardia Lamblia in nature
Contaminated water or food
79
How does Giardia Lamblia exist in contaminated water
As dormand microbial cysts
80
Resistance of Giardia Lamblia
Can survie weeks in cold water, resistant to water treatment
81
How is Giardia Lamblia spread
Fecal-oral route (drinking contaminated water)
82
Where does Giardia Lamblia colonize and reproduce
In the small intestine (not found in the blood or other parts of the GI tract
83
Whar does Giardia Lamblia cuase when it colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine
Giardiasis
84
How many people with Giardiasis show symptoms
60% are Asymptomatic
85
when do Symptoms for Giardiasis begin
1-3 week after infection
86
How long does Giardiasis symptoms persist
2-6 weeks
87
Symtpos of Giardiasis
```
Diarrhea (explosive)
Gas or flatulence
Greasy stool that can float
stomach or ab cramps
upset stomach or neausea
Dehydration
weight loss
```
88
Who is at the greatest risk of contracting Giardiasis
```
Backpackers, Hikers, campers
Swimmers who swim in infected water
International travelers
Kids in day care
Homo's for oral anal sex
```
89
Diagnosis of Giardiasis
Presence of Cysts in stoll (may need 2-3 sampled)
90
What is one of the most frequently id intestinal parasite from stool in the US
Giardia
91
How is Giardiasis treated
Many drugs, But MEtronidazole is affective
92
What kind of Parasite are the Leishmania Spp
Oblligate intracellular parasite of Mammals
93
What does Human infection of Leishmania species cuase
Leishmaniasis
94
how many people are infected by Leishmania species
20 mill (1-2 mill new)
95
How are Leishmania species transmitted
By Phlebotomine sandflies
96
Reservoir for Leishmania species
Rodents and dogs
97
do all Leishmania species cause the same disease
No
98
Fomrs of a Leishmania organism
Amastigote
| Promastigote
99
Where are Amastigote for of LEishmania organisms found
Intercellular in Mononuclear phagocytes and blood stream
100
What form of Leishmania is motile
Promastigote form
101
Where does the Promastigote form of Leishmania live
extracellular in the alimentary tract of sandflys
102
How does the Phlebotomine sand flies get Leishmania
In the tropic and subtropics, nocturnally feeding and ingest the amastigote form from mammalian host
103
How is the Leishmania spread from the sand fly
Feed on the next host and the promastigote form is injected into the skin along with saliva containing peptides that inactivate macrophages
104
How does Leishmania avoid immunity and live in the Human
Saliva from sand fly bite contains peptieds that ianctivate macrophages
Manipulates classical complemnt pathway
Promastigotes get phaocytosed and amtigote form within phagolysozome in macrophage
105
Disease caused by differeny strands of Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis "chiclero Ulcer"
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis "espundia"
Visceral Leishmaniasis "kala Azar"
106
what is Cutaneous leishmaniasis "Chiclero ulcer"
Localized cutaneous lesion or ulcer
107
what is Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis "Espundia"
Destruction of muccous membranes of nose, mouth, or throat
108
what is Visceral Leishmaniasis "kala Azar"
Dissemination disease
109
How does the Immune system respond to Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
CD4+ T-cells of Th1 type secrete IFN-gamma in response to LEishmanial antigens
activation of NO production to kill intracellular amastigotes
110
What is the Positive delayed skin reaction to Leishmania
Lymphocytes cear lesions
111
Anergy to leishmanial antigens can lead to
Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
112
How does the Immune system respond to Visceral Leishmaniasis
Pathogen causes drama inhibition of Th1 response
Disseminate through blood stream to visceral orans via macrophages
-TH2 response associated witht the visseral disease
113
How to diagnose Leishmaniasisq
Demonstration of Leishman-Donovan bodies
Culture of tissue biopsy
Leishmanin skin test
114
TReatment of Leishmanin
Small cutanous lesison heal without treatment
| Mucocuanous lesion need an oral thaerapy with anti-parasitic
115
What causes Chagas Disease
Trypanosoma Cruzi
116
How is Chagas Disease spread
Reduviid insects (kissing bug)
117
How many people are infected With chagas disease
7-10 million people (Central and south america)
| 300,00 immigrants in the US that may have it but dont know
118
Resevor for Trypanosoma cruzi
Humans plus other animals (Rats, cats, dogs, opossums, raccoons)
119
What is the leading cause of Chronic heart disease in 25-44 year old pop
Chagas disease via Trypanosoma cruzi
120
Where do REduviid bugs live
Walls of crude dwellings in rural areas to feed on people faces
121
Vector borne cases of Chagas disease in the US prevelence
Rare, but has potential
122
How does The Chagas Diease vector spread
Feces of reduviid bugs
spread to mouth, eyes, or mucous membrane on host leading to infection
Ingesting contaminated food and blood transfusion can also spread
123
THe stages of Chagas Disease
Acute phase
| Chronic Phase
124
How often are people asymptomatic for people with chagas disease
1/3
125
Symptoms of acute phase of Chagas disease
Romana's sign (Chargoma)- swelling of eyelids on the side of bite
Fever, fatigue, swollen lymph, body aches, headache, rash
126
When does the chronic phase of Chagas occure
Decade after acute phase
127
risk of developing chronic phase of chagas disease
30%-
128
Symptoms of Chroic CHagas disease
Cardiomyopathy - englarged heart leading to failure
| Intestinal complication- enlarged esophagus or colon
129
How to Diagnose CHagas
Presence of Trypomastiogotes in peripheral blood during the Acute Phase
EKG for heart involvement
130
How to treat CHagas
Anti-parasitics reduce severiy of acute phase but not of chronic
taken for a long time, and some never cure and are toxic
131
How is Infection best prevented for chagas
Controlling reduviid bug
132
What causes African Sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma Brucei
133
How is Trypanosoma Brucei trasmitted
Tsetse fly in central africa
134
Symptos of African sleeping sickness
Fever
Headache
Itchiness and joint pain
Possibly secondary disease in the CNS
135
what are the symptoms of CNS invovlement in African sleeping sickness
Confusion and poor coordinatino
Trouble sleeping
Fatal
136
Can you treat African sleeping sickness
It is treatable in the primary disease portion
137
What kind of parasite is Apicomplexa
Obligate intracellular parasite
138
Where does apicomplexa get its name
Apical complex strcutre
139
What is part of the apicomplexa group
Plasmodium
Poxoplasma
Cryptosporidium
Babesia
140
other name for Sporozoa
Apicomplexa
141
What does Plasmodium cause
Malaria
142
What does Toxoplasma cause
Toxoplasmosis
143
What does Cryptosporidium cuase
Cryptosporidosis
144
What is Babesia similar to
Relative of malaria but spread by ticks
145
What do Plasmodium species infect
Human Erythrocytes
146
What kind of Parasite are the Plasmodium species
Obligate intracellular parasites
147
Symptoms of Plasmodium species infection
Periodic fever
| Anemia when erythrocytes burst
148
How are Plasmodium species spread
Anopheles mosquitoes
149
Where is Secual reproduction of plasmodium species completed
In mosquitoes
150
where is asexual reproduction of Plasmodium species completed
In humans
151
What species of Plasmodium infect humans
```
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Less important:
plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
```
152
Severity of Plasmodium falciparum
Highly transmitted
| Severe disease and death
153
the most commonly distributed species of plasmodium
Plasmodium vivax
154
Life cycle of Plasmodium
Sporozoite in saliva gets injected by female mosquito into humans
moves to liver to infect hepatocytes
Merozoites are released from the hepatocyte and infect erythroctes
Inside erythrocye, trophozoites form and then schizont ( full of merozoites)
Erythrocyes ruptures releasing merozoites which invade new Erythrocytes
Mosquitoes ingest infected RBC
155
since Plasmodium in blood stage are synchronized with circadian rhythm, what ahppens
Periodic fevers
156
How would one diagnose what type of malaria occures
Erythrocyte stages of malarial parasites
157
Where does Malaria infect
poor tropical subtropical areas
158
How many people are infected with Malaria
3.2 billion with 445 deaths
159
Worst type of Malaria to have
Falciparum malaria
160
what causes Falciparum malaria
Plasmodium Falciparum
161
How common is Falciparum malaris
50% of malaria cases in humans, with 1 million deaths
162
What can Falciparum malaria cuase
```
Cerebral malaria
Blood cancer(burkitt's Lymphoma)
```
163
How bad is Falciparum malaria in africa
does 90% of total deaths, with children especially
164
The most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria
Plasmodium vivax
165
VIrulence of Plasmodium vivax
Less Virulent than P. Falciparum, but infection can still lead to diease and death
166
Main cause of death from Plasmodium vivax
Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
167
Where is Plasmodium vivax found
Asia
Latin AMerica
Some parts of africa
168
How could Plasmodium vivax populate the blood stream
With sexual-stage parasite picked up by mosquiotes
169
Incubation period of Malaria
11-14 days, and is detectable on the 10th day
170
Symptoms of Malaria
Fever-cyclic every 48 hours for P. vivax, and cont with P. falciparum
Chills
Sweating
Headache
Dizziness, malaise, muscle pain, ab pain, nusea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry cough also
Coma- p falciparum due to cerebral malaria which is lethal
171
Clinical signs of Malaria in the liver phase
No clinical signs
172
What phase of malaria causes fever, anemia, circulatory change, and immunopathologic phenomena
Erythrocytic cycle
173
Reason for Malaria fever
Unsure: maybe because IL-1 and TNF produced by macrophages that injest cell derbies
174
Why does MAlaria cuase Anema
Phagocytosis of infected Erythrocytes and parasite-induced cell rupture that releases toxic products
175
Why does Malaria cause Circulatory changes
High fever leads to vasodilation decreasing circulating blood volume and hypotension
176
How can Malaria cause organ failure,
Infected RBC adhere to the endothelium of visceral capillaries and this impaires microcirculation leading to hyposxia, hypoglycemia and eventually organ failure
177
What is the most intesnely affected organ by malaria
Brain (Cerebral malaria)
178
How does Sickle cell stop Malaria
The cell lyses before the infection can take hold
179
How is Malaria diagnosed
Based on the presence of parasite in blood smear
180
What is neccessary for successful treatment of Malaria
elimination of all forms of the parasite
181
Erythrocytic schizonts
Terminates clinical symptoms
182
Hepatic Schizonts
PRevent relapse
183
Erythrocytic Gametocytes
prevents spread
184
Prevention of Malaria
Avoid Mosquito contact (screen, insecticides)
| taking Chemoprophylaxis when visiting endemic areas
185
Vaccine for Malaria
None yet
186
The definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii
Cats
187
who all has been infected by Toxoplasma gondii
50% of the world pop (23% of US)
188
What are the results of being infected with Toxoplasma gondii
Mostly asymptomatic, and self-limiting
189
How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted to humans
```
When oocysts (in cat feces or infected meat) are ingested by humans)
Transplacental transmission possible resulting in stillbirth or birth defects
```
190
What type of Parasite is Toxoplasma gondii
Apicomplexa
191
where does the sexual and asexual reproductive cycles of Toxoplasma gondii take place
In the GI of felines
192
How does One contract Toxoplasmosis
Oocysts are excreted in cat feces
Transmission occures when oocysts are ingested by an intermediate host (cat box, contaminated food, or undercooked contaminated meat)
193
Congenital Toxoplasmosis results in
Clinical illness
194
Congenital Toxoplasmosis leads to what is spread to the CNS
Abortion, stillbirth, severe birth defects
| Corioretinitis - cysts form in the eyes to impair vision later in life
195
Asymptomatic localized lymphadenopathy due to toxoplasmosis appreas in
Healthy people
196
where is Asymptomatic localized lymphadenopathy affects what
Cervical nodes
197
symptoms of Asymptomatic localized lymphadenopathy
Fever, sore throad, rash, hepatosplenomegaly and atypical lymphocytosis
Severe visceral involvment: meningoencephalitis, pneumonoitis, myocarditis, or hepatitis.
198
Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in Immunocompromised hosts
Serious and often fetal disease leading to ecrotizing pneumonia, myocarditis and encephalitis
199
Types of Toxoplasmosis
Congenital
Asymptomatic Localized Lymphadenopathy
In immunocompromised host
200
The primary method for diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
Serologic procedures
igG or IgM antibody titer for acute infection
Trophozoites also observed in tissues
201
When to do treatment for Toxoplasmosis
If patient is pregnant or immunocompromised
202
Worms with bodies that are round in cross-section
Neamtodes/helminths
203
Categories of Nematodes
Intestinal nematodes
| Tissue Nematodes
204
what are intestinal meatodes
Adult form spends life in intestine
205
What are tissue nematodes
Adult form found in tissues
206
What are the types of Intestinal nematodes
```
Large roundworms
Hookworms
Pinworms
Whipeworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
```
207
the largest and most common intestinal helminths
Large round worms (1 billion people world wide with 4 mill in america infected)
208
One of the most common intestinal nematode worldwide
Hookworms
209
Where are pinworms common
In children in the US
210
how are Whipworms transmitted
In soil from the south U.S
211
What Helminths has the greatest risk for life-threatening infections
Strongyloides stercoralis
212
where do most nematodes become infective
Emryonation in the soil
213
How well does the human host tolerate intestinal nematode
Well tolerated
214
How do intestinal nematodes cause temporary side effects (itching)
Larvae that migrate through tissue
215
what do Intestinal nematode symtpoms incease with
With the number of adult worms ( a few worms are nbd, but a lot can fuck you up)
216
What happens to intestinal nematode infections to cure
most are self-limiting and clear with time
217
How to treat intestinal nematodes
Can all be treated medically with anti-parasitic drugs (most are well tolerated)
218
How to diagnose Intestinal nematodes
Eggs in the stool sample
219
What type of parasite is Ascaris Lumbricoides
Large Roundworms
220
what does Ascaris Lumbricoides cause
Ascariasis
221
The largest and most common intestinal nematode
Ascaris Lumbricoides
222
life of Ascaris Lumbricoides
Short lived lasting 6-24 months
223
where is ascaris Lumbricoides found
In warm climates with poor sanitation
224
why can Ascaris Lumbricoides eggs last a long life in the right climiate
Restistant to envrinomental condition
225
Life cycle of an ascaris infection
Contract through ingestion of eggs excreted in feces
Eggs hatch in intestine
Larvae burrow through gut wall and migrate to lungs via blood
Break into aveolar walls and travel up the throad where they get coughed up and swallowed
Reach the small intestine to develop into adult worms and get a free constant supply of food
226
How long does the life cycle of Ascarisasis take
2-3 months
227
Symptoms of Round worm infection (ascarisasi)
Shortness of breath (hypersensitivity pulmonary reaction)
Diarrhea and ab swelling
Slow growth and learning problems in kids
Malnutrition ( malabsorption and anorexia)
228
Infection with a small number of round worms leads to
No smptoms
229
Large infections with round worms can lead to
Cause bowel obstruction resulting in death
230
what are Ancylostoma and Necator
Hookworms
231
How many people are infected with Hookworms
700 mill worldwide
232
How big can hookworms get
10mm in length
233
how long can hookworms live
2-14 years
234
How does Hookworms connect to the small bowel ans suck blood
Tooth like structure that attaches
235
What happens to blood in substantial hookworm infection
Blood loss
236
how do hook worms get to the gut
Filariform larvae penetrate skin and follow same path as ascaris larvae to the gut
237
LIfe cycle of Hookworms
Eggs deposited in soil
Hatch in to rhabditiform larvae then mold into filariform larvae
Contact human and penetrate skin to be caried in the vessels to the heart and lungths
travel through aveoli to throat and then are caughed up and swollowed
reach small intestine to suck blood
238
what do hookworms hatch into
rhabditiform larvae
239
what is the infectious form of Hookworms
Filariform larvae
240
What happens if hookworms are a small burden
Asymptomatic
241
what happens at the point of entry for hookworm disease
Ground itch due to pruritic erythematous rash and swelling
242
Pulmonay symptoms of hookworm disease
Dry cough
243
Result from the chronic blood loss of hookworm disease
Anemia and hypoalbuminenia due to chronic blood loss
244
examples of Tissue nematodes
Zoonotic
| Anthroponotic
245
what are zoonotic nematodes
Natural parasites of domestic and wild animals
246
What are anthroponotic nematodes
Part of teh Filarioidea family where humans are the definitive hose
247
What does Trichinella spiralis cause
Trichinosis
248
how is Trichinosis caused
Eating undercooked pork with encysted larvae
249
What does Trichinella spiralis adult worms penetrate one to two days after host ingess meat
Penetrates the intestinal mucosa
250
what does Trichinella spiralis cause when it penetrates the intestinal mucosa
Nausea
Ab pain
Diarrhea
251
what does Trichinella spiralis infect after penetrating the intestinal mucosa
After a week the larva invades the striated muscle
252
what do the Symptoms of Trichinosis depend on
Extent of larval muscle invasion
10 or less: asymptomatic
100+: significant disease
1000-5000: death
253
Common Symptoms of Trichinosis
Fever, muscle pain, muscle tenderness, and weekness are most prevalent
254
severe Trichinosis infections lead to
Eyelid swelling
Maculopapular skin rash
Small hemorrhages beneath conjunctiva of eyes and nais
Also Myocardial involvement and congestive heart failure can occure
255
Long ribber like worms (Tape worms)
cestodes
256
Hosts of the Beef tapeworms
Human is the definitive host
| Cow is the intermediate host
257
where do Beef tapeworms cysts form
In cow muscle
258
Hosts of the Pork tapeworm
Both pork and HUmans are intermediate hosts
259
Who gets cysts from the pork tapeworm
Both pork and humans
260
Host of the Fish tapeworm
Humans and fish eating mammals are definitve host
| Crustacean and fish are the intermediate host
261
How does one contract a Cestode
eat uncooked or inadequately coked meat containing cysts ( intermediate hosts)
262
What is a Tapeworm infection
Taeniasis
263
Infection cycle of Taeniasis
Ingested by an animal
Eggs hatch and oncospheres penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to muscles where they become cysticerci
Humans Ingest cysticerci from undercooked meat
Adult tapeworm develops in human small intesting over several months
264
How is the beef tapeworm contracted?
by eating meat containg larval form and infected in the gut lumen of humsn
265
what can eggs of beef tapeworms inefect
Infect bovine or herbivore (intermediate host)
266
commonness of Beff tapeworms
Rare in US due to proper sanitation and federal inspection of meat
267
symptoms of the beef tapeworm
Mostly asymptomatic
| only apparent when proglottids are spontaneously bassed in feces
268
How to treat beef tapeworms
Single dose of antiparasitic drug
269
How to prevent transmission of beef tapeowrm
Thorough cooking of meat prevents transmission
270
How does one acquire a pork tapeworm
Eating undercooked pork systs (human is defintive hosts)
271
Pork tapeworm eggs can infect who
Pigs and humans
272
the intermediate host of a pork tapeworm
humans
273
what happens if pork tapeworm eggs are ingested by humans due to human fecal contamination instead of the tapeworm
Cysts form in the muscle
274
what happens if the pork tapeworm infects the brain
Causes seizures and death
275
where are pork tapeworms found
Rarely in the US pigs, mostly immigrants from central america
276
where can cysticercosis from pork tapeworm develop
```
Subcutaneous tissues
Muscles
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Eye
Brain
```
277
What needs to remain viable for Cysticercosis to remain asymptomatic
the Cysticeri
278
what leads to the inflammatory reactio(fever, muscle pains and eosinophilia) from Cysticerci
Death of the larvae
279
What are the neglected parasitic infections (NPIs) targets by the CDC
```
Chagas disease
Cysticercosis
Toxocariasis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichomoniasis
```
