Approaches and assumptions

Question 1

What was Wundts theory of introspection ?

Answer 1

He opened a research lab in Germany and satrted to train researchers to record their thoughts and feelings following a stimulus of the ball beign dropped

Question 2

How did Wilson criticise Wundt ?

Answer 2

He argues that introspection is too subjective to be seen as scientific

Question 3

What is Freuds theory of the personality ?

Answer 3

He argues there are three parts to the personality, the id ego and superego whihc have to be balanced

Question 4

What are Freuds defence mechanisms ?

Answer 4

Displacement
Repression
Denial

Question 5

How does Myers support defence mechanisms ?

Answer 5

They found that a perosns anxiety and defensiveness can predict their defence mechnaism e.g. low andxiety and high defensiveness are likely to be repressors

Question 6

How do Brewin and Andrew support Freud ?

Answer 6

They conducted a meta-analysis and found that up to 60% of abuse survivors could not rmeember it supporting repression

Question 7

What are Freuds psychosexual stages ?

Answer 7

He argues that there are 5 stages:oral,anal,phallic,latency and genital and that a person moves through all of these and a perosn can become fixated

Question 8

What is Freuds theory of the oedipus complex ?

Answer 8

He argued that boys in the phallic stages have an unconscious desire for thei mother and suffer from castration anxiety

Question 9

What is Freuds theory of the electra complex ?

Answer 9

He argues that girls during the phallic stage have an unconscious desire for their fathers and that they suffer from penis envy

Question 10

What was Freuds case study of little Hans ?

Answer 10

He found that Hans displayed the displacement defence mechnaism on the horses as they had dark rings around their eyes and large penises and that he experienced castration anxiety

Question 11

How do Fisher and Greenberg support Freuds oral and anal personalities?

Answer 11

They argued that they were asked to finds people’s personalities through a questionnaire

Question 12

How does Horney evaluate Freuds theory of the Oedipus complex?

Answer 12

She argues that instead memory experience wrong instead of women experiencing penis envy

Question 13

How does Wright criticised psychoanalysis ?

Answer 13

They found that it can lead to false memories of childhood and three abuse they experienced

Question 14

How does Pavlov support classical conditioning ?

Answer 14

He found that he could make the dogs create an association between the bell and food causing them to salivate

Question 15

How does Little Albert support classical conditioning ?

Answer 15

He was conditioned into a phobia of white rats this extended to other white animals with the neutral stimulus of the bang to form a negative association

Question 16

What is extinction in the behaviourism theory ?

Answer 16

This is where an association is lost due to the stimulus not being present again, the person no longer has that fear

Question 17

What does the behaviourist term stimulus generalisation mean ?

Answer 17

This is the idea that we show the same conditioned response to a number of stimuli that have shared characteristics

Question 18

What is the behaviourist term stimulus discrimination ?

Answer 18

This is the idea that we can distinguish between stimuli so we do not show the same conditioned response to everything

Question 19

How does Skinner support operant conditioning ?

Answer 19

He found that the rats formed an association between the lever aand food due to the positive reinforcement of the food pelets being dispenced and the negative reinforment of the removal fo the electric floor

Question 20

What is Rogers theory of congruence ?

Answer 20

He argues that a persons percieved self and ideal self should align and when they do this is called congruence, when they dont this is incongruence and he argued this could lead to issues with a persons mental health e.g. depression

Question 21

What is Rogers theory of conditions of worth ?

Answer 21

He argeus there are two, unconditional positive regard where we are seen for who we are rather than our achievements and mistakes there is also conditional positive regard which is based on a series of expectations and we only recieve this love if we meet those expectations

Question 22

Howd oes Harter et al support Rogers theory of conditions of worth ?

Answer 22

He found that teenagers tend to create a false self to try and meet their parents conditions of worth however this means they are more likely to develop depression

Question 23

How does Paul support the humanist idea o congruence ?

Answer 23

He found that epople with a strong work ethic are more likely to be depressed if they become unemployedas they experience incongruence

Question 24

What is Rogers client centred therapy ?

Answer 24

He found that by introducing a therapy that encourages a person to look for their own solutions they were more likely to become congruent as they close the gap between their percieved self and their ideal self

Question 25

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs ?

Answer 25

He found that there are a series of needs human try to achieve to recach self actualisation and that this is something we all strive for

Question 26

How does Sheffield et al support the idea of self actualisation ?

Answer 26

They found that students who were closer to self actualisation were more likely to be psychologically healthy and this was done through a questionairre

Question 27

How does Bugelski and Alampay suppport the cognitive idea of schemas ?

Answer 27

They found that the group that were shown a number of drawing of epople were more likely to say the ambiguous drawing was a man whereas the animal group were more likely to say rat

Question 28

How do Braver and Tulving from memory support the idea of cognitive neuroscience ?

Answer 28

They both found different levels of activity in different parts of the brain through the use of brain scanning techniques

Question 29

What are the mediational processes according to the social learning theory ?

Answer 29

Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation

Question 30

How does Bandura support the social learning theory ?

Answer 30

He fond that in a sample od 72 children the ones who had observed the role model be rewarded for being violent to the bobo doll were more likely to show this violent behaviour whereas the ones who hadnt seen violence or had seen a punishment for violence were less likely to be violent to the bobo doll

Question 31

How do Cook and Mineka support the social learning theory ?

Answer 31

They found that monkeys could develop fears of snakes if they were shown videos of other monkeys having a phobia of snakes

Question 32

How does Cumberbatch criticise Bandura as support for the social learning theory ?

Answer 32

He found that the children who had not played with a bobo doll before were 5 times more likely to be aggressive to it due to the novelty aspect

Question 33

How does Becker et al support Banduras theory and the SLT ?

Answer 33

It is a more contempry example which shows that this is still relevent in todays society

Question 34

How could Wernickes area be seen as support for the biological approach ?

Answer 34

H foudn that there was a specific area in the brain which was responsible for a persons speech comprehention and that this is biologically determined

Question 35

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic appproach ?

Answer 35

The unconcious controlss behaviour The tripartite personality The 5 psychosexual stages Defence mechanisms protect the ego

Question 36

What are the assumptions of behaviourism ?

Answer 36

We are all born blank slates We can unlearn unhealthy behaviours and replace them Only observable behaviour should be studied Humans and animals learn int he same ways so research can be generalised

Question 37

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach ?

Answer 37

Huiman should be viewed as a whole not parts everyone is unique Humans have freewill Humans are active agents and control their developlemt Humans strive for self actualisation To be healthy the person must be congruent

Question 38

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach ?

Answer 38

the mind processes infromation from our senses stimulus-response contains complex processes Humans can be seen as data processing systems The human brain should be studied scientifically Humans and computers can be seen as very similar

Question 39

What are the assumptions of cognitive neuroscience ?

Answer 39

The brain is biological and determines a persons thought process There are structures which aid in the processing of information which are specialised The brain sould be studied scientifically

Question 40

What are the assumptions of the social learning theory ?

Answer 40

Human behaviour is learnt through role models and the mediational processes Humans learn through observation Vicareous reinforcement plays a big part in whether a behaviour is reproduced research should be observable data producing

Question 41

What are the assumptions of the biological approach ?

Answer 41

They assume that human behaviour is all predetermined by biological structures, hormones and chromosomes (genes) this cannot be changed or influenced and is heritable