Schizophrenia

Question 1

What did Saha et al find about the classification of schizophrenia ?

Answer 1

It is ranked int eh top 10 disabilities and affects arount 4 in 1000 people at dome time in their lives

Question 2

What dies the kappa score of schizophrenia suggest about the reliability of diagnosis ?

Answer 2

It has a Kappa score of 0.46 which is seen as poor, it should be around 0.7 to be seen as reliable

Question 3

What did Beck et al find about the reliability of diagnosis in sschizophrenia ?

Answer 3

He found that the reliablity between two psychiatrists in 154 patients was only 54%

Question 4

What did Copeland find about cultural differences reducing the reliability of diagnosis in scizophrenia ?

Answer 4

He found that when a number of psychiatrists were given the same patient descriptions, 69% of these were diagnosed in the USA but only 2% in the UK

Question 5

What did Luhrman find about cultural differences in the experience of those with schizophrenia ?

Answer 5

He interviewed 60 people 20 from Ghana, India and the US and found that voices heard by the american patients were more likely to be harmfull and negative where they were seen as positive and playful in the other to countries

Question 6

What did Rosanhan find about the reliability and validity of diagnosing schizophrenia ?

Answer 6

He sent pseudo patiends to psychiatric wards and told them to list the same symptom of a voice, he found that althougfh the patients wer enot real a number of them were able to get admitted

Question 7

How did Monjabi and Nicholson argue there is a lack of reliable symptoms in schizophrenia ?

Answer 7

They found that there was a diffficulty distinguishing between bizar and non-bizar delusions the correlation between 50 psychiatrists was around 0.4

Question 8

How does Barnes argue there are cultural diffferences in the diagnosis of schizophrenia ?

Answer 8

They found that ethnic minorties were omore likley ot have a positive experience a they live in more protective cultures leading to them experiencing less distress than in western culture

Question 9

How did Broveman find there was gender bias inthe diagnosis of schizophrenia ?

Answer 9

He found that the categories could be seen to be based on typical male behaviour and that women were seen as generally less mentally healthy

Question 10

What did Longenecker et al find about gender differences in the diagnosis of schizophrenia ?

Answer 10

They found that men have been more likely to be diagnosed since the 80’s and that this may be due to the female patients functioning better they are more likely to mask and their high functioning may make their case seem too mild for a diagnosis

Question 11

What did Ellason and Ross find about symptom overlap in the diagnosis of schizophrenia ?

Answer 11

People with DID actually show more symptoms of schizophrenia than those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia

Question 12

What did Read argue about symptom overlap in schizophrenia ?

Answer 12

He found that most people who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia were likely to be able to be daignosed with another condition

Question 13

What does Buckley et al argue about co-morbidity ?

Answer 13

Half of the patients with schizophrenia also have depression and 47% have a diagnosis of substance abuse

Question 14

What did Swets et al find abot the comorbidity of schizophrenia and OCD ?

Answer 14

12% of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia could also have been diagnosed with OCD and 25% show significant obsessive compulsive behaviours

Question 15

How do Loring and Powell support the gender bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenia ?

Answer 15

They gave 290 psychiatrists descriptions of patients, when no gender was given 56% were diagnosed but when they were descibed as female only 20% were diagnosed

Question 16

What did Weber find about the consequences of co-morbidity of schizophrenia ?

Answer 16

He found that 45% of schizophrenic patients also had a medical issue such as asthma or type 2 diabetes and that this is due to them getting poorer care int he health system

Question 17

How do Gottesman and Shield support the biological explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 17

He found concordence rates of 46% for children who had 2 schizophrenic parents, 13% with one schizophrenic parent and 9% where their sibling was diagnosed as schizophrenic

Question 18

How does Gottesmans twin study support the biological explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 18

He found that there was amuch hifher concordence rate for MZ than DZ twins 48% compares to 17%

Question 19

How does Joseph et al support the biological explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 19

He foudn concordence rates of 40.4% and 7.4% for MZ and DZ respectively

Question 20

How does Tienari support the biological explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 20

They found thay almost 7% of the children who had a schizophrenic biological mother were diagnosed compared to 2% in the control group of adoptees

Question 21

How does Rosenthall support the biological explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 21

He studied quadruplets who had a schizophrenic mother and found that all 4 of them devleloped schizophrenia

Question 22

What did Juckel find about neural correlates in schizophrenia ?

Answer 22

He found that there was a reduction in the size of the ventral striatum which is involved in the anticipation of rewards in schizophrenic patients

Question 23

What did Allen et al find about neural correlates as an explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 23

They found that there was reduced activity in the superior temporal gyrus and the anterior cingulate gyrus which led to the patient experiencing auditory hallucinations

Question 24

How do Davis and Kahn support the dopamine hypothesis ?

Answer 24

They found that an excess of dopamine leadss to positive symptoms and that a deficit can lead to negative symptoms

Question 25

How does Patel support the dopamine hypothesis ?

Answer 25

They found that using PET scans and found that people with schizophrenia were more likely to have low dopamine in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to controls

Question 26

How does Wang and Deutch's animal study support the dopamine hypothesis ?

Answer 26

They found that when they induced dopamine depletion the animals experienced a reduction in their cognition

Question 27

How does Grilly support drug treatment based on dopamine ?

Answer 27

They studied a group of people who were recieving dopamine to treat parkinsons and they experienced positive schizophrenic symptoms

Question 28

What did Falkai et al find about the impact of increased dopamine in schizophrenic people ?

Answer 28

They found that there was a difference in the left amygdala of the schizophrenic patients

Question 29

What did Curran et al find baout the influence of psychotics in non-schizophrenic individuals ?

Answer 29

They found that drugs such as LSD led to the people experiencing schizophrenic like symptoms

Question 30

What did Moghaddam and Jannet find about the influence of other neurotransmitters in schizophrenic symptoms ?

Answer 30

They found that there were other neurotransmitters such as glutamate which schizophrenics have a deficit of

Question 31

How do Lindtroem et al support the dopamine hypothesis ?

Answer 31

They found that the chemicals which are needed to produce dopamine were taken up quicker in individuals with schizophrenia

Question 32

How does Leutch support the use of the dopamine hypothesis in treatment ?

Answer 32

They carried out a meta analysis of 212 studies and found that all of the drugs which were tested were more effective than a placebo

Question 33

How does Moncrieff criticise the dopamine hyporthesis ?

Answer 33

He argues that the results are inconclusive and thereofre they should not be used with as much trust as they currently are

Question 34

How does Noll challenge the dopamine hypothesis as an explanation to schizophrenia ?

Answer 34

As anti-psychotics only wokr in around one third of patients the dopamine hypothesis is not a full explanation there may be other neurotransmitters involved which are not affeted by the antipsychotics

Question 35

What does Bateson argue about family dysfunction being an explanation to schizophrenia ?

Answer 35

He argues that double bind is where a child recieves mixed instructions and this leads to them developing schizophrenic symptoms

Question 36

What did Linszen find about the effect of expressed emotion on schizophrenics ?

Answer 36

He found that people who had schizophrenia and lived in a high expressed emotion family were 4 times more likely to relapse

Question 37

What did Kuilpers et al find about high expressed emotion families ?

Answer 37

They found that people in high expressed emotion families were more likely to talk more and listen less

Question 38

What was Fromm-Richmans theory of the explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 38

He argues the schizophrenogenic mother is an important factor and this involved being shut off traditional and cold leading to a fragile ego and an uncrontrolable ID

Question 39

How could Tienaris study act as support for the family dysfuncion explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 39

The children who were placed in households classified as disturbed were more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 40

How does Berger support the idea of the double bind being an explanation to schizophrenia ?

Answer 40

He found that individuals who were diagnosed with schizophrenia were more likely to have a recall of more double bind events in their childhood

Question 41

How does Read et al support the family dysfunction explanation of schizophrenia ?

Answer 41

69% of schizophrenic women reported experiencing abuse compared to 59% of men

Question 42

How does Aleman support the cognitive explanation of hallucinations ?

Answer 42

The inner representation of an idea can override the stimulus and this leads to the production of an auditory image the misattribute the source

Question 43

What did Frith et al find about dysfunctional thought processes ?

Answer 43

He found that schizophrenic patients are more likely to lack metarepresentation and central control

Question 44

How do Sarin and Wallin support the cognitive model of schizophrenia ?

Answer 44

They found supporting evidence that hallucinations and delusions were often attributed to jumping to conclusions and a lack of reality testing

Question 45

What does Murray argue about vulnerability factors and the risk of schizophrenia ?

Answer 45

He argues that a biological risk can be amplified by societal pressures and that this leads to an increased chance of developing schizophrenia causing increased dopamine leading to positive symptoms

Question 46

What did Leucht et al find about the udse of anti-psychotics ?

Answer 46

They found that they were more effective than placebos in all of the studies

Question 47

What ddi Leucht find about the relapse rate of patients on antipsychotics ?

Answer 47

The relase rate had decresed from 64% in teh placebo group to 27% in the experimental group

Question 48

What did Crossley find about the effects of atypical drugs used to treat schizophrenia ?

Answer 48

He found that those on atypical drugs were more likely to experience less extreme symptoms such as weight gain

Question 49

What did Chadwick find about the effectiveness of CBT to treat schizophrenia ?

Answer 49

He found that there was usefullness in CBT as he was able to show the patient through 50 videos that he could not predict the future and that this was a delusion and not reality

Question 50

What did Tamler find about the effectiveness of medication with CBT ?

Answer 50

He found that CBT alongside medication was more effective

Question 51

What did Addington and Addington find about the effectiveness of CBT being dependent on the stage of schizophrenia ?

Answer 51

They found that it is effective once the psychotic symptoms have been managed and otherwise it may not been useful

Question 52

What did Juni et al find about the problems with using meta analysis to study the effectiveness of CBT in schizophrenia ?

Answer 52

They found that it was mostly methodogical issues that affected the research and that this was due to bias being introduced

Question 53

What did Wykes et al find about the problems with using meta analysis to look at the effectiveness of CBT in schizophrenia ?

Answer 53

They found that the more rigorous the study was the less effective CBT appeared

Question 54

What did Jauhar et al find that there is an overststement in the effectiveness of CBT in schizophrenia ?

Answer 54

They found that there was a decrease in the effectiveness of CBT in blind tests which suggests that the treatment method of CBT may not be as effective as it seems

Question 55

What did Taylor and Perera find about the benefits of CBT being overstated ?

Answer 55

They found that the research not being conclusive has led to mixed suggestions in UK medicine reccomendations

Question 56

What did Garety find about family therapy ?

Answer 56

They founf that the relapse rate for those recieving family therapy decreased to 25% from 50%

Question 57

What did Pharoah et al find about the effectiveness of family therapy ?

Answer 57

They found that in a meta analysis of 53 studies there were mixed results however those in family therapy were better with medication complience than those who were not recieving this therapy, there was also a reduction in relapse and readmission in this group

Question 58

What did Pharoah et al find about combining family therapy with drug therapy ?

Answer 58

Theyh foudn that there was an increase in complience so the combination is more likley to make them better functioning and have reduced symptoms and relapse

Question 59

What did Lobban et al find about the effectiveness of family therapy on other family members ?

Answer 59

They found that 60% of the studies on family therapy found a positive effect on the people surrounding the patient diagnosed with schizophrenia

Question 60

What did Garety et al find about the impact of having a carer for schizophrenic patients ?

Answer 60

He found that those with carers who had family therapy had increadibly low relapse rates when compared to the other groups

Question 61

What did Allyon and Azrin find about the effectiveness of token economoies in schizophrenia ?

Answer 61

They found that in the group that took part in token economy showed a much higher number of desirable behaviours

Question 62

What did Kazdin find about the use of token economies ?

Answer 62

They found that the tokens had to be both given and exchanged quickly after teh positive behaviour to increase its effectiveness, if too much time passes it will not reinforce the positive behaviour

Question 63

What did Dickerson find about the effectiveness of token economies ?

Answer 63

11/13 studies found that there was an improvement in the behaviour of the patients that had taken part in a token economy scheme

Question 64

What did Comer find about the effectiveness of token economies ?

Answer 64

They found that there was an issue with studying the behaviour as it can only be compared to their past behaviour rather than a control group, therefore the behaviour could be due to factors such as increased attention from the staff not the actual token economy

Question 65

What did Varese et al find about the impact of stressers on the risk of schizophrenia ?

Answer 65

They found that people who experienced trauma before the age of 16 were 3 times as likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 66

What did Vassos et al find about the impact of the environment on the risk of schizophrenia ?

Answer 66

They found that those who lived in urban areas were 2.4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 67

What did Verdeux et al find about the risk of schizophrenia for people who had experienced medical difficulties ?

Answer 67

He found that a person who experienced oxygen deprivation usually at birth were 4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 68

What did Romans-Clarkson et al find that criticised the idea that the area a person lived in could be seen as a stressor ?

Answer 68

They found no differences in the mental health of women who lived in diffrent areas of new zealandand that there are other influences that have been oversimplified

Question 69

What did Hammen find about the difficulties in identifying causal stress ?

Answer 69

They found that maladaptive ways of coping with trauma and stress may be the cause rather than the event itself