Memory

Question 1

What did Atkinson and Shiffrin find about the sensory memory ?

Answer 1

There’s are three sensory stores the iconic which stores images the echoic which stores sound and the haptic which could be described as muscle memory

Question 2

What did Sperling find about the capacity of the sensory memory ?

Answer 2

ree founded that people could recall around 4/12 symbols that were displayed for 50ms but 75% of the sample recalled seeing more

Question 3

What did Crowder find about three duration off the sensory memory ?

Answer 3

He founded that visual information could be retained for 50ms whereas auditory information can be retained for around 2-3 seconds

Question 4

How does Baddleys study of the Short torm memory describe the encoding ?

Answer 4

He founded that the coding of the support term memory is mostly acoustic as people made more substitution errors when asked too recall the list of similar sounding words

Question 5

What did Miller find about the capacity of the short term memory ?

Answer 5

He found that people could remember 7 +/-2 he did this by asking participants to remember a list of numbers adding one more each time they could correctly recall

Question 6

How does Cowan suggest the capacity of the short term memory is smaller than Miller suggested ?

Answer 6

He argues that the support term memory is only able to hold around 4 items

Question 7

What did Peterson and Peterson find about the duration of the short term memory ?

Answer 7

They found the duration to be 18-30 seconds where the accuracy in recalling three trigrams fell from 80% with a 3 second delay compared to only 10% when the delay is increased to 18 seconds

Question 8

What did Baddley find about the coding of the long term memory ?

Answer 8

He found that coding is mostly semantic through the participants being able to better recall the words that were not semantically similar

Question 9

What did Bahrick et al find about the duration of the long term memory?

Answer 9

He studied 392 ex high school students in an opportunity sample and found that there was a high amount off recall upto 47 years later 20% in free recall and 60% in recognition

Question 10

What did Wagenaar find about the capacity of these long term memory ?

Answer 10

He made over 2400 diary entries and found that he had excellent recall of the events

Question 11

What did Glanzer and Cuniz find about three multistore model of memory ?

Answer 11

They found that participants showed three primacy and recency effects this is that they were more likely to remember the first and last words in the list

Question 12

How does the case study of Clive wearing support the multistore modelling of memory ?

Answer 12

After suffering from amnesia he had no long term memory but did have a usable sorry term memory

Question 13

How does the case study of KF support the short term memory ?

Answer 13

Following a motorbike accident he showed auditory difficulties but could process visual information typicality

Question 14

How does Tulving find there are different types of short term memory ?

Answer 14

He used neutral imaging techniques and found that episodic memory is mostly in the hippocampus whereas semantic is in the temporal lobes and prefrontal cortex

Question 15

What did Belleville find about episodic memory ?

Answer 15

They found that people could be trained to have an improved episodic memory

Question 16

How does Baddley support the central executive ?

Answer 16

Participants could it difficult to list numbers while pressing numbers and letters on a keyboard

Question 17

How does Braver et al support the central executive ?

Answer 17

They found activity in the brain when given tasks that would require the central executive

Question 18

How does the case study of KF support the phonological loop ?

Answer 18

As he could not process auditory information if showed that this area of the brain was damaged

Question 19

How does Baddley and Hitch support the visuo-spacial sketchpad ?

Answer 19

He founded that participants founded it difficult to do two visual tasks at once rather than one visual and one verbal

Question 20

How does Baddley support the phonological loop ?

Answer 20

He fluke that giving participants a distraction Tasso they had a reduced rehearsal space

Question 21

How does Paulescu et al support the working memory model ?

Answer 21

They found that when participants were given different types of tasks there’s were different areas of the brain were active

Question 22

How does Baddley grant wight and Thompson support the working memory model ?

Answer 22

They found that participants could better perform a verbal talk than describe the letter f whilst following a moving line with a pointer

Question 23

How does Trojanis case study of SC support the working memory model ?

Answer 23

The phonological loop was damaged but the Visio spacial sketchpad was not

Question 24

How do Underwood and Postman support retroactive interference ?

Answer 24

They found that they found the group that only had to remember one list had better recall due to the lack of news information altering the original memory

Question 25

How does Baddley support interference ?

Answer 25

He found that the rugby players who had played less games had better recall of the teams they played due too the lack of interference

Question 26

How does Anderson argue that there may be other explanations alongside interference ?

Answer 26

He says that there is an influence of interference in forgetting however the extent to which is unclear

Question 27

What did Ceraso argue about interference ?

Answer 27

He argued that interference may be due to availability verses accessibility after a24 your period recall remained the same but recognition had a spontaneous recovery

Question 28

What does Danaher et al argue about the real life application of interference in adverts ?

Answer 28

recognition of adverts were impaired when individuals were shown two competing brakes adverts within a week

Question 29

How does Godden and Baddley support context dependent forgetting ?

Answer 29

The Participants all had better recall when they were in the Same environment learning and recalling (water +land )

Question 30

How does Goodwin et al support state dependent forgetting ?

Answer 30

He found that participants had better recall aken being Sober learning and recalling where the second best was where participants were intoxicated on both occasions.

Question 31

How do Loftus and Palmer support the influence of leading questions ?

Answer 31

@@ They Jond when the word smashed was used 1 the average speed guess was 41mph but when contacted was used the average speed guess was 31 mph

Question 32

What was Loftus abed Palmers second experiment that supports leading questions influencing eye witness testimonies ?

Answer 32

150 students were asked off they had seen smashed glass in the video of a car crash the group that was asked with the verb smashed said there was glass 32% of the time

Question 33

How do Yuille and Cutshall support the idea that postevent information doesn't influence the ewt ?

Answer 33

They found that the participants recall off the asked robbery didn't change for months after the event and they were not influenced by the leading questions they were asked

Question 34

How does Wright et al support post event discussion ?

Answer 34

Using an independent groups design half were shown a video of a theif acting alone half saw an acomplice, following discussion 75% displayed conformity

Question 35

How does Gabbert et al support post event discussion ?

Answer 35

They showed participants the sasme video but from different angles and found that 71% gave an innaccurate detail when asked to recall

Question 36

What is the Yerkes dodson law ?

Answer 36

Anxiety improves performance to a certain point and then it begins to impair the individuals performance

Question 37

What was Johnson and Scotts study into the weapon focus effect ?

Answer 37

They used an individual groups design and found hat the high anxiety situation lead to poorer recall (knife vs pen) 33% to 49%

Question 38

What did Deffenbachen find about the effect of anxiety on ewt ?

Answer 38

They found that in a meta analysis of 18 studies the high levels of anxiety impared memoryespecially in identification

Question 39

What did Foster et al find about the impact of misleading information and anxiety on the accuracy of recall ?

Answer 39

They found that if the participants believed their recall had an impact on the trial then their recall was more accurate

Question 40

What did Pickel find about the weapon focus effect ?

Answer 40

He found that participants had a better recall in the chicken condition compared to the scissors due to what we see as normal and abnormal our focus chages

Question 41

How does Geiselman et al support cognitive interviews ?

Answer 41

Significantly more information was ofund from the officers who had watched the training video then were interviewed using a cognitive interview compared to the standard interview

Question 42

How does Fisher support the cognitive interview ?

Answer 42

They comapre the amount of information police officers obtained in aa standard interview and cognitive to find there was an increase of 47%

Question 43

Who supports cognitive interviews through a meta analysis of 53 studied finding an increase of 34% ?

Answer 43

Kohken et al

Question 44

How do Milne and Bull support the cognitive interview ?

Answer 44

They found that each individual component of the cognitive interview improved recall woth a combinatino of recall everything and reinstating context to be the best