Attachment

Question 1

How does Tronik et al support reciprocity ?

Answer 1

He asked mothers to engage in behaviours then stop (the still face experiment) the baby began to cry showing that reciprocity is essential in forming attachment

Question 2

What are Maccobys four characteristics of attachment ?

Answer 2

seeking proximity
distress on separation
joy on reunion
orientation of behaviour

Question 3

What did Feldman and Eidelman find about reciprocity ?

Answer 3

They argued that babies have alert phases and that theur mothers pick up on this 2/3 of the time

Question 4

What did Feldman find about the change in active phases from 3 months onwards ?

Answer 4

That they increase in frequency and they begin to use facial expressions and respond to verbal signals

Question 5

How did Brazelton describe reciprocity ?

Answer 5

As a dance as they respond to each tohers moves

Question 6

How do Metltzoff and Moore support the idea of interactional synchrony ?

Answer 6

They found a correlation between the adult and childs facial expression they often showed synchronised behaviours

Question 7

What were Shaffer and Emmersons 4 stages of attachment ?

Answer 7

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple

Question 8

What was the procedure of Schaffer and Emmerson ?

Answer 8

They studied 60 w/c/ children from Glasgow and their parents were interviewed about their childs strager and separation anxiety

Question 9

What were the findings of Schaffer and Emmerson ?

Answer 9

They found that at 25 weeks half of the babies began to display separation anxiety and at 40 weeks 80% showed a specific attachment 30% showed multiple

Question 10

How did Van Izendoorne find cultural differences in the stages of attachment ?

Answer 10

He found that in collectivist cultures the babies were more likely to immediately form multiple attachments as having more than one primary caregiver is the norm

Question 11

What did Schaffer and Emmerson find about the role of the father ?

Answer 11

In only 3% of cases the fatehr was teh primary caregiver

Question 12

What did Grossman find about the role of the father ?

Answer 12

He found that the fathers play style often reflected their internal working model of attachment

Question 13

What did Field find about primary caregiver fathers ?

Answer 13

That they often displayed behaviour very similar to the mother in their expressions and smiles etc

Question 14

What did Lorenz fins about attachment ?

Answer 14

He studied a clutch of goose eggs and found that imprinting and attachemnt is innate

Question 15

What did Harlow find about attachment in his study of the rhesus monkeys ?

Answer 15

He found that the monkey spent more time with the cloth mother especially when they were scared, he also found that this isolation led to them experiencing issues in later adulthood

Question 16

What is the learning theories explanation of attachment ?

Answer 16

That the child forms an association between the mother and food and that this can be reinforced through operent conditioning

Question 17

What is Bowlbys theory of monotrophic attachment ?

Answer 17

There are many features that can be seen in attachment, it is innate, monotrophic, evolutionary and leads to the development of social releasers and the internal working model

Question 18

What did Hazen and Shaver find which supports Bowlbys theory of attachment ?

Answer 18

They found through their love quiz in the newspaper that most people reported the same type of attachment to their parents as their partner

Question 19

What does Kagan argue about the temperament theory of attachment and how this criticises Bowlby ?

Answer 19

He found that a childs temperament could be seen as a better indication of attachment style

Question 20

How does Bowlbys 44 thieves study support his ideas of attachment ?

Answer 20

He found that children who had experienced maternal deprivation in childhood were more likely to show maladaptive behaviour

Question 21

What were the three types of attachment that Ainsworth identified ?

Answer 21

Secure
insecure avoident
insecure resistant

Question 22

What was the procedure of Ainsowrths strange situation ?

Answer 22

She studied a group of 100 m/c americans in 8 different situations measuring separation anxiety, stranger anxiety and joy on reunion

Question 23

What did Van Izendorn and Kroonenberg find about cultural variations in attachment types ?

Answer 23

They found that secure attachment was the most common in all countries, greater in the uk and sweden (75%) and it was less common in countries such as israel where resistant was much higher (27%) there was greater variation within the countries than between them (1.5%)

Question 24

What did Takahashi find aout cultural variations in attachment ?

Answer 24

He studied a group of 60 m/c japanese children and found that the same amount of children were securely attached however the infant alone stage had to be stopped in many occasions due to the high level of distress the children were experiencing

Question 25

What did Bowlby find to be the consequence of maternal deprivation ?

Answer 25

An inability to form an internal working model, affectionless psychopathy, reduced cognitive development and icnreased behavioural problems

Question 26

What were the findings of the 44 theives study ?

Answer 26

That 17 of the 44 had experienced maternal deprivation in the thieves group compared to 3 in the control

Question 27

How does Goldfarb support Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation ?

Answer 27

He found in a sample of 30 oephaned chuldren where half had been fostered the fostered children had a higher IQ as they had been able to form an attachment

Question 28

What did Rutter find about the impact of institutionalisation on a childs attachment and development ?

Answer 28

He found that the children who were adopted earlier caught up but the children who were adopted after 6months showed disinhibited attachment (indiscriminate) and had difficulties with peer relationships

Question 29

How does the Bucharest early intervention project by Zeanah et al support the influence of institutionalisation on the child's attachment type ?

Answer 29

They found that the group off institutionalised children were much more likely to show disorganised attachment and only 19% of this group were classified ads being securely attached

Question 30

How do Hodges and Tizard support three impact of institutionalisation ?

Answer 30

They studied a group of 65 children in cares which had a no attachment policy and found that the children who were adopted showed less signs of maternal deprivation than those who hadn't, theses children showed more difficulties In relationships and wetter more likely to be adult orientated

Question 31

How does Baily support the internal working model ?

Answer 31

Mother's who reported poor attachments to their own mother's showed poorer attachments to their own children