methods need to know definitions

Question 1

Define correlation

Answer 1

A mathmatical technique looking at the relationship or association between 2 variables known as covariables

Question 2

What is a corelation coefficient ?

Answer 2

This is a number which represents the strength of a correlation between the covariabels

Question 3

What is a case study ?

Answer 3

An in depth study of an individual or small group or institution which produces qualitative data

Question 4

Define content analysis

Answer 4

This is a research technique which enables the indirect study of a subject using coding and categories

Question 5

Define coding

Answer 5

This is where the stage of a content analysis where the data is analysed to fid the categories needed in the study

Question 6

Define thematic analysis

Answer 6

This is where the themes or ideas of the data are found this produces qualitative data

Question 7

How is Fernham and Farrier an example of a content analysis ?

Answer 7

They conducted a content analysis on the way that men and women are represented in TV adverts

Question 8

Define pilot study

Answer 8

This is a small scale replicaation of the final study to find any issues so that they can be fixed before the full sclae study

Question 9

How is Matthews an example of a content analysis ?

Answer 9

He conducted a study on 1200 grafitti pieces in new york and put them into categories to compare men and womens grafitti

Question 10

Define reliablility

Answer 10

The consistancy of the findings so that the research can be replicated to produce similar results

Question 11

Define test retest reliablility

Answer 11

The idea that the research can be replicated each time it is used

Question 12

Define inter observer reliability

Answer 12

This is so that all researchers give consistant results showing that the categories are accurate

Question 13

What is the split half method of testing reliability ?

Answer 13

Where the performance of the two halfs of the test should be consistant having a close correlation

Question 14

What are some common ways to improve reliability ?

Answer 14

Us ethe same wuestions
Use the same researcher
Use closed questions
Use the same environment
Ensure categories do not overlap

Question 15

Define validity

Answer 15

This is where teh observed behaviours or results can be seen to be truthful

Question 16

What is face validity ?

Answer 16

This is where the research appears to be measuring the factor it is designed to measure

Question 17

Define concurrent validity

Answer 17

This is where the research correlates with past research on the same subject

Question 18

Define ecological validity

Answer 18

This is where the findings can be genderalised to real life

Question 19

Define teporal validity

Answer 19

This is the extent to which research can be applied to other times in history

Question 20

What is content validity ?

Answer 20

This is where the colleges are asked if the study measures what it is intended to

Question 21

Define population validity

Answer 21

This is where the sample is representative of the wider population so it can be generalised

Question 22

Define the mean

Answer 22

A measure of central tendency calculating the average of all of the values in the data set

Question 23

Define the mode

Answer 23

The most common value in the data set

Question 24

Define the median

Answer 24

The middle nunmber in the dtaa set when put into ascending order

Question 25

Define the range

Answer 25

The largest number in the data set minus the smallest number in the data set plus 1

Question 26

Define standard deviation

Answer 26

The average spread of data around the mean

Question 27

define statistical tests

Answer 27

These are mathmatical equations used to determine whether the results of a study are significant or not and which hypothesis can eb accepted

Question 28

What are the 3 levels of measurement

Answer 28

Nominal Ordinal IntervalD

Question 29

efine Nominal data

Answer 29

This is categoric data and is discrete

Question 30

Define ordinal data

Answer 30

This is data which can be put into an order there may not be equal intervals e.g. scores on a test

Question 31

Define interval data

Answer 31

This is data with accepted units of measurement e.g. temperature or tiem

Question 32

What situaton is needed to use a chi squared test ?

Answer 32

There needs to be ordinal data and either a correlation or unrealated data

Question 33

What situation is needed to use a sign test ?

Answer 33

There needs to eb a test of difference with related data and using nominals data

Question 34

What is needed to use a Mann-Whitney test ?

Answer 34

Test of difference Unrelated data Ordinal data

Question 35

What conditions are needed for a Wilcoxen test ?

Answer 35

Test of difference Related data Ordinal data

Question 36

What conditions are needed for a Spearmans Rho test ?

Answer 36

Correlation Ordinal data

Question 37

What conditions are needed for an unrelated t-test ?

Answer 37

Test of diffrence Unrelated data Interval data

Question 38

What conditions are needed for a related t-test ?

Answer 38

Test of difference Related data Interval data

Question 39

What conditions are needed for a Pearsons R test ?

Answer 39

Correlation Interval data

Question 40

Define type 1 error

Answer 40

The incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis, a false positive

Question 41

Define a type 2 error

Answer 41

The failure to reject a false null hypothesis, a false negative

Question 42

How do you calculate the calculated value in the sign test ?

Answer 42

N(the pluses and the minuses) S(the smallest value ignoring no difference groups) Using a critical value table the value should be equal to or less than S

Question 43

What is the rule of R in significance ?

Answer 43

This is the idea that if there is an r in the name of the test then the calculated needs to be more than the critical to be seen as significant

Question 44

What is the correct order of a psychological investigation report ?

Answer 44

Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Referencing Appendix

Question 45

What needs to be included in the abstract ?

Answer 45

Sims Hypothesis Description of the study including sample, procedure Results and significance Conclusion and implications

Question 46

What is included in the introduction ?

Answer 46

Literature review Aims and Hypothesis

Question 47

What is included in the methods section fo a psychological report ?

Answer 47

Design Sample Materials/aparatus Procedure Ethical considerations and how they were addressed

Question 48

What is included in the results section of a psychological report ?

Answer 48

Summary tables Graphs Descriptions of tables and graphs Stats tests and justifications *null hypothesis quoting results*

Question 49

What is included in the discussion of a psychological report ?

Answer 49

Findings and why this could be the case What do the findings mean Strengths Weaknesses Things that could be changed(modifications) Applications and limitations Further research

Question 50

What is included in the reference for a book ?

Answer 50

Surname Initials year of publication Title Subtitle Location Publisher

Question 51

What is included in a reference for a journal/ article ?

Answer 51

Surname Initials Date of publication Title of article Title of Journal Volume number Page range Retrieved from

Question 52

Why are references important ?

Answer 52

Credit the researcher Avoid Plagerism Locate the origional source

Question 53

Define Paradigm

Answer 53

A set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline

Question 54

How does Khun argue that psychology can be seen as a pre-science ?

Answer 54

He argues that there is not a paradigm, scientific methods are not always used and there is a lack of terminology

Question 55

What are the 5 features of a science ? (people think Freuds rarely objective)

Answer 55

Paradigm Theory testing Falsifyability Reliability Objectivity

Question 56

Define deduction

Answer 56

Theory is made before the testing of the hypothesis

Question 57

Define induction

Answer 57

The hypothesis is tested before the theoy is made

Question 58

What was Poppers theory of falsifyability ?

Answer 58

He argues that a science should be searching for conflicting evidence through his analogy is we only go looking for white swans we cannot conclude all swans are white until we search for the black swan