Forensic

Question 1

Hazelwood and Douglas what did they find about the top down approach ?

Answer 1

They studied lust motivated crimes and found that there were two distinct types of criminals organised and disorganised

Question 2

How does Douglas support the top down approach ?

Answer 2

He found that altough it only identified the offender in 15 out of 192 cases it was said to be useful in 77% of the cases

Question 3

How does Alison et al criticise the top down approach ?

Answer 3

She found that the top down approach works on outdated theories of the personality which suggests an offenders patterns and behaviours remain consistant throughout their criminal career

Question 4

How does Holmes’ research criticise the top down approach ?

Answer 4

Studies 192 FBI cases and found that 88 arrsts were made but top down profiling only lead to 17% of these

Question 5

How does Canter argue the bottom up approach is more effective ?

Answer 5

He says that it is better as it looks for consistancies in offender behaviour without any initial assumptions

Question 6

What is Canters case study on John Duffy and how does it support the bottom up approach ?

Answer 6

He created a profile for the offender who committed 24 sexual attacks and 3 murders, all of the profile he had created matched the offender e.g. that he would be a martial artist and he was a member of a martial arts club

Question 7

How do Canter and Heritage support the smallest space analysis ?

Answer 7

They analysed the locations of 66 sexually motivated crimes and found there were lcear patterns and trends to the location and common behaviours, this helped to identify whether it was the same offender or two different offenders

Question 8

What did Canter and Gregory find about geographical profiling ?

Answer 8

Many offenders have a crime range of less than 2 miles due to wanting a familiar area

Question 9

What does Kind argue about geographical profiling ?

Answer 9

There tesnds to eb a centre of gravity to where the offender is connected to whether that is their home p;lace of work etc

Question 10

What did Canter argue in his circle theory ?

Answer 10

There are two types of offender the maurauder and the commuter these both have different charcteristics such as whether they try to discuise themselves and whether they are more likely to take a “trophy”

Question 11

What did Lundrigan and Canter find in their study to support geographical profiling ?

Answer 11

The offenders home is likley to be central to the crimes, each disposal site is in the oposite direction to the last and this is most evident for offenders whose crimes were within 10km

Question 12

What did Goodwin and Canter find to support geographical mobility ?

Answer 12

85% of offenders lived within the circle their crimes created

Question 13

What did Goodwin and Alison find about the application of geographical profilling to other types of crime ?

Answer 13

they studies 215 burgalry cases and found geographical profiling to be more useful than the timing of the crime when identifying the offender

Question 14

What did canter and young findbthat criticises geographical profiling ?

Answer 14

They argues it should be used in combination with psychological data or else it would be not useful

Question 15

How does Copson criticise geographical profiling ?

Answer 15

Although 83% of police forces found it to be useful, geopgraphical profiling only led to the identification of the offender in 3% of cases

Question 16

How do false imprisonments criticise geographical profiling ?

Answer 16

Examples such as Colin Stagg show that this technique is not always reliable

Question 17

How do Pinizzotto and Finkle support the idea that training is needed for offender profiling to work accurately ?

Answer 17

The trained experts performed better in identifying the offender in 5 conditions only being beaten on a homoscide scenareo by trained detectives

Question 18

Whos argued that the atavistic form was the explanation for criminaity ?

Answer 18

Lombrosso

Question 19

What was Lombrossos study on the atavistic form ?

Answer 19

He found that between 383 dead and 3839 living italian criminals 40% of them showed atavistic features including large foreheads and prominant noses etc

Question 20

How does Ebernhardt criticise the use of the atavistic form ?

Answer 20

Rgued that Lombrossos study was internally racist through the characteristics that were identified were much more likely to be found in black ethnic minority groups

Question 21

What is Sheldons atavistic form argument ?

Answer 21

He argued thaty muscular people (mesomorphs) were more likely to be criminal and showed different behaviour characteristics than ectomorphs and endomorphs

Question 22

How do Cortes and Gatti support Sheldons atavistic form argument ?

Answer 22

He found that in a sample of 100 dellinquents that 57% were mesomorphs

Question 23

How do Gleuck and Gleuck support Sheldons atavistic form theory ?

Answer 23

In a sample of delinquents 60% were mesomorphs compared to 31% in a control group

Question 24

How does Wadsworth criticise Sheldons atavistic form theory ?

Answer 24

He found that British criminals were actually more likely to be smaller than average which doesnt align with the mesomorph sheldon argues for

Question 25

How do West and Farrington criticise Sheldons atavistic form theory ?

Answer 25

They conducted a longitudional study on w/c boys and found that there was no link between their criminality and their body shape or size

Question 26

How does Feldman criticise sheldons atavistic form theory ?

Answer 26

He argued that this connection was socially constructed as these people may look more threatening so may be treated acordingly leading to them becoming a self fulfilling prophecy

Question 27

How does Christiansen support the idea of criminality being heritable ?

Answer 27

he found concordence rates of 35% for MZ and 12 for DZ twins

Question 28

How does Lnage support the idea that criminality is heritable ?

Answer 28

He studied a sample of 13 pairs of MZ twins and 17 pairs of DZ twins and found that MZ had a concordance rate of 77% compared to 12% in DZ twins

Question 29

How does Mednick et al supprt the biological approach through his adoption study ?

Answer 29

He studied 14,000 children who were adopted, he found that 13.5% of the children who didnt have criminal parents commited crimes compared to 20% for those whose parents were criminal

Question 30

How does Crock support the biological approach through his adoption study ?

Answer 30

He found that 50% of children whose mothers were criminal comited crimes by the age of 18 compared to 5% in a control group

Question 31

What did Jacobs et al find about the biological explanation of crime ?

Answer 31

He found the extra Y chromosome to be an influence into criminality, with 1.5% of the prison population showing this characteristic when compared to 0.1% of the total population

Question 32

What did Price find about the influence of the extra Y chromosome leading to the "supermale" ?

Answer 32

He found that the XYY chromosomes led to the men being above average heifhet but below average inteligence which could be an explanation to why they are more likely to offend when compared to the general population

Question 33

How does Wtkin criticise the extra Y chromosome theory ?

Answer 33

He found in a sample of 4500 only 12 had this chromosome none of whom had ever offended

Question 34

What was Brunners biological explanation of crime ?

Answer 34

He argued the warrior gene, this was a mutation on the x chromosome that leda to increased MAOA which inhibits neurotransmitters such as dopamine and seratonin meaning these people are more likely to commit risk taking actions to compensate

Question 35

What did Raine argue to be the biological explanation fo crime ?

Answer 35

There is a reduction of the size of the prefrontal cortex in criminals this is involved in logic and decision making

Question 36

What did Keysers find about the mirror neurone explanation to criminality ?

Answer 36

Criminals seem ot lack the mirror neurone system which makes us show empathy for people with high levels of emotion this explains why they oftendo not feel remorse following their crime

Question 37

What did Raine find about the influence of grey matter in criminality ?

Answer 37

There was a reduction of 11% in the grey matter of criminals when compared to a control group most of whom has APD

Question 38

What is Eysenics criminal personality ?

Answer 38

He found that criminals were more likely to be scored highly on extraversion, neuroticism and psychotisism, they are difficult to "train" and foten lack systems to feel empathy

Question 39

How do McGeurk and McDougall support Eysenics criminal personality ?

Answer 39

They found a strong positive correlation between criminality and eysenicks personality types when comparing 100 criminals and 100 controls

Question 40

How does Digman criticise Eyseniks crminal personality ?

Answer 40

He said that it was too simple and that a 5 factor model should be used instead containing conscientiousness and agreeableness

Question 41

How does Moffitt criticise Eysenicks criminal personality ?

Answer 41

They suggested there were actually 4 criminal personalities rather than just 1

Question 42

How does Bartol criticise Eyesnicks theory of criminality ?

Answer 42

Found that criminals were more likely to be more intorverted in hispanic and African-American samples

Question 43

What did Pollock and Hashmall find about the psychological theory of crime ?

Answer 43

35% of child molesters said their crimes were non sexual and 36% said the child consented

Question 44

What did Schonenberg and Jestye find about hostile attribution ?

Answer 44

They presented 55 violent offenders with images of neutral faces and found they were more likely to be percieved as violent by the offenders

Question 45

What did Dodge and Frame find about hostile attribution bias ?

Answer 45

children who were identified as violentor aggressive were more likely to say the situation was hostile

Question 46

What did Barbaree find about sex offenders ?

Answer 46

Among 26 convicted rapists 54% denied they had committed an offence and 40% minimised the harm

Question 47

What is Kohlbergs moral development theory ?

Answer 47

He found that a persons likelyhood to be a criminal is based on a persons level of development, criminals were more likely to be in the preconventional stage

Question 48

How do Thronton and Reid support Kohlburgs theory ?

Answer 48

They found that criminals who offended for their material gain were more likely to be in a lower stage of moral reasoning

Question 49

How do Palmer and Hollin support Kohlbergs theory of moral development ?

Answer 49

They studied 322 non criminals and 126 criminals using the socio-reflection measure they found that criminals were more likely to have a less mature moral reasoning

Question 50

What does Blackburn argue to be the reason that criminals have a less developed moral reasoning ?

Answer 50

If a person lacks a mature role model in their childhood then they are more likely to have less play opportunities which help to develop moral reasoning

Question 51

How does Chandler support Kohlbergs moral reasoning theory ?

Answer 51

Individuals who have a higher level of moral reasoning are more likely to show high levels of empathy when compared to those who are criminal have lower levels of empathy and therefore are more likely to show criminal behaviour

Question 52

What is Sutherlands theory of differential association ?

Answer 52

He argues that when our anti crime beliefs are outweighd by our pro crime attitudes we are restricted from offending where if we have more procrime attitudes we see committing crime as acceptable

Question 53

How does Farrington argue that the family has a larger inflence than peers when studying differential association ?

Answer 53

He found that there in a sample of americal males between 10 and 50, 41% of offenders had a higher level of criminal family, risk taking behaviour and lower levels of school attainment

Question 54

How does Freud explain criminality ?

Answer 54

He argues that there is a deviant ID and a weak superego which means that the impulsivity of the ID "wins" leading to a person committing crime

Question 55

What did Blackburn find about Freuds theory of criminality ?

Answer 55

He found that there are 3 criminal personalities:the weak superego, the deviant ID and the over harsh superego and thee are all developed by different childhood experiences

Question 56

What does Bowlby argue about the cause of criminality ?

Answer 56

He found that there is a difference between people who had a mother figure during childhood and those who didnt and this affected their risk of affectionless apothy which increases theur likelyhood of becoming criminal as they experience reduced emotions

Question 57

What did Freud identify to be the defence mechanisms in criminality ?

Answer 57

Displacement Sublimation Rationalisation

Question 58

How does Zimbado show the 5 psychological effects of custodial sentencing ?

Answer 58

He found that the prisoners displayed all 5 of these factors to the extent that they had to withdraw from the study

Question 59

How does hollin argue that there are positive effects of incarceration

Answer 59

They argued that prison to some people had a positive impact as it increased their routine and their stability, 3 meals warmth bed and company in prison for some people is better than what they have at home

Question 60

What did Marlott and Fromander fins about recidivism ?

Answer 60

They found that for the sample that had more access to resouces were less likely to reoffend in an Australian sample of 102

Question 61

What did Hanson find about recidivism ?

Answer 61

He argues that sexual offenders are more likely to reoffend due to them not finishing their treatments

Question 62

What did Cartier find about recidivism ?

Answer 62

He found that there was a clear link between substance abuse and reoffending he argues this addiction is the leading cause for offending

Question 63

What did Oldfield find about recidivism ?

Answer 63

In a study of 857 offenders in Kent compared to a group that were required to engage in group work there was a decrease in recidivism from 63% compared to 41% of those in the programme

Question 64

What did Bartol find about the prison system ?

Answer 64

He argues that the prison system is brutal and this means that there is an increase in the suicide rates by 15% 25% if female offenders experience psychosis when compared to 15% in a male sample

Question 65

What did Hobbs and Holt find about token econimies used in criminals ?

Answer 65

They observed a significant improvement in the groups which were in a token economy programme where compared to a group that was not

Question 66

What did Allyon find about the use of token economies in offenders ?

Answer 66

There were similar effects in adult prisons to Hobbs and Holt (there was an improvement in their behaviour )

Question 67

What did Cullen and Seddon find about token economies and their use in criminal samples ?

Answer 67

There was an incerase in the number of desirable behaviour the boys showed whereas in the control group the boys showed more undesirable behaviours

Question 68

What did Field argue about the need to tailor token economies ?

Answer 68

If rewards are not tailored to the individual then there is a reduction in the impact that this will have for example a criminal is less likely to change their behaviour for a bar of chocolate when compared to a 5 yr old

Question 69

What did Sherman and Strang find about restorative justice ?

Answer 69

studied data from 36 studies and found that using restorative justice reduced recidivism rates when compared to conventional justice

Question 70

What did Shapland find about restorative justice ?

Answer 70

He found that every £1 spent on restorative justice programes saves the UK £8 through the reduction in reoffending

Question 71

What did Ireland find about the success of anger management programmes ?

Answer 71

92% of the prisoners in the programme showed improvement in at least one area