arrt review: procedures Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
body habitus percentage: sthenic
A
50%
2
Q
body habitus percentage: asthenic
A
10%
3
Q
body habitus percentage: hyposthenic
A
35%
4
Q
body habitus percentage: hypersthenic
A
5%
5
Q
what does the axial skeleton include?
A
skull, spine, thorax, sacrum
6
Q
what does the appendicular skeleton include?
A
extremities, clavicle/scapula/shoulder girdle, pelvic bones (NOT including the sacrum/coccyx)
7
Q
The only articulation between the upper extremities and the thorax is what?
A
the SC joint
8
Q
the mastoid process is located at ____
A
C1
9
Q
the thyroid cartilage is located at ____
A
C4-5
10
Q
the vertebral prominens is located at ____
A
C7
11
Q
the sternal (jugular) notch is located at ____
A
T2-3
12
Q
the sternal angle is located at ____
A
T4-5
13
Q
the inferior angle of the scapula is located at ____
A
T7
14
Q
the xiphoid process is located at ____
A
T10
15
Q
the lower costal margin is located at ____
A
L1-2
16
Q
the umbilicus is located at ____
A
L3-4
17
Q
the iliac crest is located at ____
A
L4-5
18
Q
the ASIS is located at ____
A
S1
19
Q
the greater trochanter is located at ____
A
pubic symphysis
20
Q
what is the gonion? what is the inion?
A
gonion = angle of the mandible
inion = surfaced landmark located at the occipital protuberance
21
Q
what is the superciliary ridge?
A
ridge of bone across the superior portion of both orbits
22
Q
mesocephalic skull is ________ and has the petrous pyramids at ___ degrees from MSP
A
a “typical” skull, 47
23
Q
brachycephalic skull is _________ has the petrous pyramids at ___ degrees from MSP
A
short from front to back, 54
24
Q
doliocephalic skull is ____________, and has the petrous pyramids at _ degrees from MSP
A
long from front to back, 40
25
Townes CR angle for OML and IOML perpendicular positioning
OML = 30 caudad
IOML = 37 caudad
26
Townes method demonstrates what part of the skull?
occipital/posterior region
27
proper positioning of a lateral skull will show what in superimposition?
orbital plates, base of skull, greater wings of the sphenoid bone
28
PA axial (Caldwell) will have petrous ridges ________; PA will have them __________
in lower 1/3 of orbits, filling the orbits
29
proper positioning in an SMV view demonstrates what?
symmetry of mandibular rami, superimposition of mandibular symphysis over frontal bone
30
proper positioning of PA Axial (Caldwell) demonstrates what anatomy?
anterior portion of cranium, petrous ridges, orbits
31
proper positioning of PA skull demonstrates what?
frontal bone
32
in a Waters view, patient is positioned so OML forms what angle to the IR?
37 degree angle to IR
33
in a modified Waters view, patient is positioned so OML forms what angle to the IR?
55 angle to the IR
34
which requires more extension: Waters or modified Waters?
Waters (MML perpendicular as opposed to LML)
35
Degrees of rotation for different mandibular areas of interest***
ramus = true lateral
body = 30 degrees rotated towards IR
mentum = 45 degrees towards
36
positioning, CR angle, and centering for modified Law views
MSP angled 15 degrees towards table, CR 15 degrees caudad, centered at TMJ
37
Typical exam for pneumo
Typical exam for pneumo = PA chest on inspiration and expiration
38
Articulations between the bodies of the vertebrae are classified as ______________
amphiarthrodial
39
Dorsoflexion vs plantarflexion
dorsoflexion = toes (up/down)
plantarflexion = toes (up/down)
dorsoflexion = toes up
plantarflexion = toes down (pointed toes)
40
AP axial L5/S1 angle, centering
30 (male) -35 (female) degrees cephalic, centered at ASIS
41
what is the difference between a Danelius-Miller and a Clements-Nakayama?
Danelius Miller (cross table horizontal beam) = suspected fracture/dislocation, cannot frog leg
Clements-Nakayama = suspected BILATERAL hip fractures
42
what is a Clements-Nakayama view?
axiolateral inferosuperior view of hip (lateral)
43
what is a Danelius-Miller view?
cross table hip
44
what is a modified Cleaves?
unilateral non-trauma lateral view "frog" leg
45
a modified Cleaves requires leg a minimum of ____ degrees from _______. Femurs should be ______
40-45, vertical, abducted
46
at what level is the carina?
T4-5
47
CR angle for LPO/RPO C-spine obliques
15-20 cephalic
48
CR angle for LAO/RAO C-spine obliques
15-20 caudad
49
LPO/RPO C-spine obliques demonstrate the (upside/downside) intervertebral foramina and pedicles
upside (farther from IR)
50
LPO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
right intervertebral foramina
51
RPO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
left intervertebral foramina
52
LAO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
left intervertebral foramina
53
RAO C-spine obliques will demonstrate ___________
right intervertebral foramina
54
LAO/RAO C-spine obliques demonstrate the (upside/downside) intervertebral foramina and pedicles
downside (closer to IR)
55
in L-spine obliques, the Scotty dog's nose is turned ___________
towards the downside
56
PA Scoliosis series is also called _____________
Ferguson Method
57
how low should the collimation be for AP/PA scoliosis series?
low enough to include 1 inch of iliac crests
58
where is the CR directed for an AP L-spine?
level of iliac crests (L4-5)
59
a spinal condition where one vertebra (bone in the spine) slips forward over the vertebra below it
spondylolisthesis
60
where does spondylolisthesis generally occur in the spine?
L5/S1
61
where do you center for an L5/S1 spot shot?
1.5 inches inferior to iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS
62
Scotty dog: what is the ear?
superior articular process
63
Scotty dog: what is the leg?
inferior articular process
64
Scotty dog: what is the eye?
pedicle
65
Scotty dog: what is the neck?
pars interarticularis
66
Scotty dog: what is the nose?
transverse process
67
in between each positioning line, there is __ degrees of difference
7
68
primary pathology of myelograms is _____________
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
69
in myelograms, contrast is administered into the ___________
subarachnoid space (intrathecal injection)
70
AP SI joints CR angle: ___ degrees cephalic for males, ___ degrees cephalic for females
30 degrees males, 35 degrees females
71
unilateral AP hip centering
centered 2.5 inches distal to the midpoint of the line drawn between the pubic symphysis and the ASIS
72
inlet projection CR angle/centering: _____________________
40 degree caudad, centering at ASIS
73
outlet projection CR angle/centering: ___________________
males = 20-35 degrees cephalic, 2 inches distal to pubic symphysis
females = 30-45 degrees cephalic, 2 inches distal to pubic symphysis
74
Outlet projection is also called _________
Taylor method
75
Between the inlet/outlet projections, which has a different set of angles for males v. females?
outlet has different
76
patient obliquity for Judet views; affected side (up/down)
45 degrees; can center for upside or downside (centering changes)
77
CR entering for Judet Method (acetabulum)
affected side down = perpendicular and centered to 2 inches distal and 2 inches medial to downside ASIS
affected side up = perpendicular and centered 2 inches directly distal to upside ASIS
78
Evaluation criteria for Judet Method, upside acetabulum
the posterior rim of the acetabulum
the anterior iliopubic column
the obturator foramen is visualized
79
Evaluation criteria for Judet Method, downside acetabulum
the anterior rim of the acetabulum is visualized
the posterior ischial column is visualized
the iliac wing is well demonstrated
80
how many ribs do you need to see in a PA chest?
9-10 pairs of ribs
81
abdominal regions superior left to right
left hypocondriac, epigastric, right hypocondriac
82
abdominal regions middle left to right
left lumbar, umbilical, right lumbar
83
abdominal regions inferior left to right
left iliac, hypogastric, right iliac
84
KUB vs upright abdomen vs lateral decubitus centering differences
KUB = at iliac crests
upright abdomen = 2 inches above iliac crests (light at axilla)
lateral decubitus = 2 inches above iliac crests
85
order of small intestines
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
86
smallest and longest portion of the small intestine
smallest = duodenum
longest = ileum
87
anatomy demonstrated in right lateral decubitus BE?
medial side of ascending colon
lateral side of descending colon
88
anatomy demonstrated in left lateral decubitus BE?
medial side of descending colon
lateral side of ascending colon
89
anatomy demonstrated in posterior obliques (LPO/RPO) for BE
side farthest away
LPO = right (hepatic flexure, ascending colon)
RPO = left (splenic flexure, descending colon)
90
anatomy demonstrated in anterior obliques (LAO/RAO) for BE
side closest
LAO = left (splenic flexure, descending colon)
RAO = right (hepatic flexure, ascending colon)
91
BE positioning visualization - where will barium be?
prone = _________ colon
supine = _________ colon
prone = transverse colon, sigmoid colon
supine = ascending/descending colon
92
anatomy demonstrated prone PA in upper GI
entire stomach and duodenal loop
body and pyloris are filled with barium
93
anatomy demonstrated recumbent RAO in upper GI
best for demonstrating the duodenal bulb + the C-loop of duodenum
air will fill fundus
94
anatomy demonstrated right lateral in upper GI
right retrogastric space, duodenal loop, duodenojejunal junction
air will fill fundus
95
anatomy demonstrated supine AP in upper GI
barium fills fundus
air/gas will fill body and pylorus
96
anatomy demonstrated recumbent LPO in upper GI
demonstrates fundus, provides unobstructed view of the duodeneal bulb without superimposition by the pylorus
air/gas fills pyloris
97
in an upper GI, what positioning will best demonstrate presence of hiatal hernia?
recumbent AP in 25-30 degree Trendelenburg position
98
access point for ERCP is the ___________
duodenal papilla
99
anatomy demonstrated in AP axial for BE
CR angle/centering
rectosigmoid colon
30-40 degrees axial, 2 inches below ASIS
100
Colles fracture
-fall on ___________
-(ventral/dorsal) displacement of distal fragment
FOOSH
dorsal displacement of distal
101
Smith fracture
-fall on ___________
-(ventral/dorsal) displacement of distal fragment
flexed wrist
ventral displacement
102
Where is the distal radial fragment displaced? Smith = ______
Colles = _______
Smith = anterior (ventral)
Colles = posterior (dorsal)
103
Ribs 1-10 articulate with ______________ and _______________
vertebral body and transverse process
104
in a lawrence method shoulder x-ray, how is the patient's arm positioned?
90 degrees abducted from body
105
rotation in a lateral skull image is evident by ______________
anterior and posterior separation of symmetric vertical bilateral structures (such as mandibular rami, greater wings of sphenoid)
106
tilt in a lateral skull is evident by ____________________
superior and inferior separation of symmetric horizontal structures (such as orbital plates and greater wings of sphenoid bone)
107
C spine obliques centering
C4
108
L spine obliques CR centering
L3 (lower costal margin), 1-2 inches above iliac crest and 2 inches medial to ASIS
109
how do you determine if you use a perpendicular vs 5-8 degree caudal angle on a L5-S1 spot?
textbook answer: interiliac line
clinical: looking at lateral L spine images
110
layers of the esophagus from internal to external
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa (fibrous) layer
111
AP partial flexion CR angle
able to partially extend = ___________
unable to partially extend = ______________
perpendicular, 10-15 towards joint
112
a ______ ring is seen in the esophagus and is commonly associated with hiatal hernias
schatzki
113
each lung is enclosed in ___________
visceral pleura
114
the spinal cord is found in what opening created by the vertebral arch?
vertebral foramen
115
at what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1-2
116
term that describes the pouches found throughout the colon
haustra
117
long bands of tissue that run the length of the colon
taeniae coli
118
is the "typical" oblique hand/wrist medial or lateral rotation?
lateral rotation
119
scaphoid view is also called (ulnar/radial) deviation view
ulnar deviation
120
names for carpal canal view
Gaynor Hart, tangential inferosuperior
121
positioning and CR angle/centering for carpal canal view
hyperextend wrist and use support to hold fingers back, rotate hand/wrist 10 towards radius
25-30 towards hand, 1 inch distal to the base of the 3rd MC
122
positioning and CR angle/centering for carpal bridge view
flex wrist (opposite of carpal canal)
45 degree CR, 1.5 inches proximal to wrist joint
123
centering for AP/medial/external rotation elbow vs. lateral elbow
AP/M/E = 3/4" distal to line between epicondyles
lateral = 1.5 inches medial to O.P.
124
degree rotation of oblique hand vs. oblique wrist
oblique hand = 45
oblique wrist = 45
125
mnemonic for elbow anatomy
"the cap sits on the head"
the capitulum sits above the head of the radius
126
Monteggia fracture is a fracture of the proximal third of ________ with dislocation of __________
ulna, radial head
127
radial head view of elbow is also called _________
Coyle Method
128
breathing for transthoracic lateral humerus
orthostatic breathing
129
what is the Strecher view of the scaphoid?
sponge to elevate the hand 10-15 degrees instead of angling CR
130
positioning and CR angle/centering for Lawrence method
abduct arm 90 degrees, external rotation
CR medial 25-30 degrees to the axilla
131
positioning and CR angle/centering for Neer method
superior angle of scapula and AC joint perpendicular to IR (45-60 degree rotation)
CR 10-15 caudal, 1 inch superior to medial aspect of scapular spine
132
what does the Neer method demonstrate?
coracoacromial arch for supraspinatus outlet region for shoulder impingement
133
lateral scapula Y view positioning for...
body vs. acromion/coracoid
body = hand on opposite shoulder, 45 deg LAO
acromion/coracoid = "hand on hip," 60 degree LAO
134
breathing for shoulder exams
suspend
135
breathing for scapula exams
AP = orthostatic
lateral = suspend
136
breathing for clavicle exams
end of inhalation
137
breathing for AC joint exams
suspend
138
CR centering for shoulder Y vs. scap Y
shoulder Y = scapulohumeral joint
scap Y = midvertebral border of scapula (lower than shoulder Y)
139
SID for AC joints
40 inches unilateral, 72 bilateral to include both
140
how much weight for AC joint exams? how is patient holding?
8-10 lbs, weight hanging from wrists
141
T2-3 is how many inches distal from vertebral prominens?
approximately 3
142
degree of obliquity for SC joints
10-15
143
with SC joints, you center to the (upside/downside) to visualize the (upside/downside)
center to upside, visualize downside
center at T2-3 and 1-2 inches lateral
144
with SI joints, you center to the (upside/downside) to visualize the (upside/downside)
center to upside, visualize upside
145
Inlet view on pelvis demonstrates what?
Pelvic brim, ischial spine
146
Outlet view of pelvis demonstrates what?
Body of ischium, rami of pelvis
147
angle of pubic arch in males
50-60 degrees
148
angle of pubic arch in females
80-85 degrees
149
in overall shape, the male pelvis appears _____________________
narrower, deeper, and less flared
150
how to find femoral neck and femoral head using the pubic symphysis and ASIS
neck = 2.5 inches distal to the midpoint of line
head = 1.5 inches distal
151
how to find femoral neck and femoral head using ASIS only
1-2 inches medial and 3-4 inches distal to ASIS
152
breathing instructions for pelvis/hip exam per the textbook
suspend
153
CR entering for AP pelvis
midway b/t ASIS and PS // 2 inches inferior to level of ASIS
154
which Judet oblique will demonstrate the anterior rim?
downside
155
centering for Judet method pelvic ring is the same medial/inferior as the downside acetabulum; you center to the (upside/downside)
pelvic ring is 2" medial/inferior on the UPSIDE
156
to demonstrate pelvic ring in a Judet method, you center to the _________. where do you center?
upside, 2" medial and 2" inferior
157
knee flexion for lateral femur
45
158
CR centering for AP sacrum, AP coccyx
2 inches superior to PS
159
CR centering lateral sacrum/coccyx
3-4 inches posterior to ASIS
160
degree of obliquity for SI joints
25-30 degrees
161
CR centering for AP SI and oblique SI joints
AP SI joints = 2 inches below ASIS
Oblique = 1 inch medial to upside ASIS
162
on spine/pelvis imaging, when do you start varying respiration beyond "suspending"
lumbar
163
with more open collimation on L spine imaging, the CR centering shifts (up/down)
down
164
AP and lateral L Spine CR centering with open vs. tight collimation
open = level of iliac crests
tighter = L3/lower costal margin
165
respiration on scoliosis series
expiration
166
How is the pedicle on an L Spine oblique positioned if the patient is over rotated?
pedicle (eye) is closer to the midline, and less of it is seen
167
How is the pedicle on an L Spine oblique positioned if the patient is under rotated?
pedicle is more lateral, more of lamina is seen
168
where is the pedicle located (I/S) view?
between the transverse process and the body
"BP"
169
where is the lamina located (I/S) view?
between the transverse process and the spinous process
"SLT"
170
respiration for AP and lateral T Spine
AP = expiration
Lateral = breathing or expiration (*content specs)
171
what part of the rib is articulated with the vertebrae?
costotransverse = tubercle of rib with transverse process
costovertebral = head of rib with vertebral body
172
What structures form the pelvic inlet?*
PS (anterior)
Ischial spine (lateral)
Sacral promontory (posterior)
173
Layers of meninges external to internal
Dura mater
Arachnoid
*subarachnoid space*
Pia mater
