Attitudes Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is an attitude?
- a value aimed at an attitude object
- positive or negative
- not innate
- developed through experiences
What is an attitude object?
Focus on which the attitude is directed
How are attitudes formed?
- past experiences
- socialisation
- conditioning (behaviour reinforcement)
- familiarity (frequent exposure)
How do past experiences form attitudes?
+ past sucess creates positive emotions leading to a positive attitude
+ leads to positive preceptions of ability and increases confidence
- negative experiences lead to negative attitudes
- poor preception of ability leads to low self confidence and negative outlook on activity
- develop learned helplessness
What is learned helplessness?
Feeling that failure is inevitable
How does socialisation form attitudes?
- observing attitudes of others and copying them
- can be socialised through cultural norms or traditional beliefs
- if it is the norm for family to participate regularly in physical activity and have positive attitude then you will conform to fit in
- if the norm for family to not participate and have negative attitudes you will also adopt negative attitudes to be consistent with the people around you
How does conditioning form attitudes?
social learning
- imitating attitudes of significant others
- more likely to immitate if behaviour has been reinforced
- reinforce positive attitude that is desirable through praise to encourage repetition
- punish negative attitude to avaoid repetition
How does familiarity form attitudes?
frequent exposure
- increased exposure means you are more likely to form a positive attitude towards it
- familiarity occurs when you experienced something a lot
- positive attitude is formed if the activity is familiar, fun, engaging or competitive
- role models adopt the attitudes of high profile athletes towards that sport
- media coverage more exposure helps promote the sport for particular groups
What is the triadic model?
- suggests an attitude is made of 3 components
- attitudes can be inconsistent
- beleifs do not always correspond wit behaviours
What are the three components to the triadic model?
- cognitive
- affective
- behavioural
What is the cognitive component in the triadic model?
- beliefs, thoughts, ideas
- deeply rooted
- ‘I think I can be successful’
What is the affective component in the triadic model?
- emotions, feelings
- ‘I enjoy playing sport’
What is the behavioural component in the triadic model?
- actions, responses, habits
- easily changed
- ‘I have training twice a week’
How can you change an attitude?
- ensure positive past experiences
- praising positive attitudes and behaviours
- punish negative attitudes and behaviours
- positive role models to highlight positive attitude
What are the psychological theories to change an attitude
- verbal persuasion
- cognitive dissonance
How does verbal persuasion work?
- when an individual or group of people encourage you to adopt their point of view
- communication to promote change
What are the factors to consider during verbal persuasion?
- timing and current situation after a loss or poor performance
- quality of message clear and correct with new information
- status of messanger significant other, high status
- individuals resistance to change understand the information and willing to be open to change
How does cognitive dissonance work?
- new information is given to the performer to cause psychological discomfort
- creates conflict and disharmony between components
- creates cognitive dissonance by creating unease by changing a negative attitude to a positive one
- causes perfomer to question their attitude
- change it to a positive one to resolve conflict
- ensure all components are aligned
How do you change the attitude of the cgnitive component?
- give performer new information by significant other
- change belief system
How do you change the attitude of the affective component?
- create new positive emotions by making activity fun, enjoyable and safe
- ensure a positive experience
How do you change the attitude of the behavioural component?
- rienforce when positive behaviour is demonstarting
- providing opportunities for sucess
- reward scheme
What is cognitive consonance?
When an individuals attitude components all match and their beliefs, feeling and actions are in harmony
