Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Question 1

What are the neurotransmitters fo the PNS

Answer 1

ACh

Question 2

What neurotransmitter is used by pre-ganglionic neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Answer 2

ACh

Question 3

What are the target of parasympathetic system on the post ganglionic neuron

Answer 3

muscarinic receptors - GPCRs

Question 4

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

Answer 4

adrenaline into blood

Question 5

Describe nicotinic receptors

Answer 5

always myelinated, cholinergic, ionotropic

Question 6

How can drugs indirectly enhance cholinergic transmission

Answer 6

inhibit cholinesterase

Question 7

What is the effect of inhibiting cholinesterase

Answer 7

ACh levels increase

Question 8

How are anti-cholinesterase drugs classified

Answer 8

duration of action

Question 9

Example of a short acting anti-cholinesterase dug

Answer 9

edrophonium

Question 10

What is edrophonium used for

Answer 10

diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Question 11

What are medium length anti-cholinesterase drugs

Answer 11

neostigmine, pyridostigmine

Question 12

What are neostigmine and pyridostigmine used for

Answer 12

myasthenia gravis

Question 13

What is the function of physostigmine

Answer 13

crosses BBB, used for glaucoma

Question 14

How do long acting anti-cholinesterase drugs work?

Answer 14

irreversible, cross BBB, bind to enzyme with covalent bond

Question 15

What are the different subtypes of muscarinic receptors

Answer 15

Gq, Gi

Question 16

What is the function of M1-Gq muscarinic receptor

Answer 16

regulates activity of phospholipase C, generates intracellular messengers

Question 17

What is the function of M2 - Gi muscarinic receptors

Answer 17

decreases activity of adenylyl cyclase, reduces cAMP levels

Question 18

What is IP3

Answer 18

signalling molecule

Question 19

What does the muscarinic receptor regulate

Answer 19

potassium channels

Question 20

What does parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptor slow

Answer 20

heart rate

Question 21

How is IP3 terminated

Answer 21

dephosphorylated, phosphorylated

Question 22

What is the effect of muscarine

Answer 22

decreases BP, increases saliva production, increases sweating

Question 23

What are cholinergic agonists at mAChR

Answer 23

muscarine, pilocarpine

Question 24

What are cholinergic antagonists

Answer 24

atropine

Question 25

What is the effect of atropine

Answer 25

inhibits saliva, smooth muscle relaxant, pupil dilation, CNS agitation

Question 26

describe the receptors for noradrenaline

Answer 26

GPCRs

Question 27

Where are GPCRs for noradrenaline found

Answer 27

smooth muscle, heart, glands

Question 28

What is the function of alpha1 adrenoreceptors

Answer 28

constrict smooth muscle

Question 29

What molecule increases heart contraction

Answer 29

calcium increase

Question 30

What inhibits the presynaptic release of noradrenaline

Answer 30

alpha2 adrenoreceptors - Gi

Question 31

What does receptor signalling via Gs phosphorylation increase

Answer 31

calcium in cardiac muscle cells, contraction

Question 32

What are the two sites for the clinical use of adrenoreceptor agonists

Answer 32

cardiovascular system, respiratory system

Question 33

What is clonidine

Answer 33

alpha2 agonist

Question 34

What does clonidine treat

Answer 34

high BP

Question 35

What is salbutamol

Answer 35

bronchodilator - beta2 selective

Question 36

What is ephedrine

Answer 36

nasal decongestant - beta agonist, causes noradrenaline release

Question 37

What are some antagonists for adrenoreceptors

Answer 37

prazos, carvedilol, propranolol

Question 38

What does prazos treat

Answer 38

hypertension

Question 39

What does carvedilol treat

Answer 39

heart failure

Question 40

What does propanolol treat

Answer 40

anxiety