Respiration III

Question 1

What are the two types of lung disease

Answer 1

obstructive, restrictive

Question 2

Describe obstructive lung disease

Answer 2

reduction in flow through airways

Question 3

Describe restrictive lung disease

Answer 3

reduction in lung expansion, inability of lungs to expand

Question 4

What is a common feature of restrictive and obstructive disease

Answer 4

reduce ventilation

Question 5

What is FEV1

Answer 5

forced expiratory volume in one second

Question 6

What can cause obstructive lung disease

Answer 6

narrowing airways

Question 7

What causes the narrowing of airways in obstructive lung disease

Answer 7

excess secretion, bronchoconstriction, inflammation, increased air flow resistance

Question 8

What is the effect on FEV1, FVC in obstructive lung disease

Answer 8

FVC is the same, FEV1 and FEV1% decrease

Question 9

Name some obstructive lung diseases

Answer 9

asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis cough

Question 10

What type of disease is asthma

Answer 10

inflammatory disease

Question 11

What is over stimulated in asthma

Answer 11

muscarinic receptors in airways

Question 12

What happens in asthma

Answer 12

inflammatory cells release inflammatory mediators into airways causing bronchoconstriction

Question 13

Example of an inflammatory mediator

Answer 13

histamine

Question 14

What is a atopic trigger for asthma

Answer 14

extrinsic - allergies

Question 15

What is a non-atopic trigger for asthma

Answer 15

intrinsic - respiratory infections, cold, irritants

Question 16

What is the short term treatment for asthma

Answer 16

salbutamol

Question 17

What is salbutamol

Answer 17

short acting B2 adrenoreceptor agonist

Question 18

What does salbutamol cause

Answer 18

dilation of airways

Question 19

What is a long acting treatment for asthma

Answer 19

beclometasone, long acting B-adrenoreceptor agonists

Question 20

What is beclometasone

Answer 20

inhaled steroid - glucocorticoids

Question 21

What is the effect of beclometasone

Answer 21

reduces inflammatory response

Question 22

What are the two main characteristics of restrictive lung disease

Answer 22

reduced chest expansion, loss of compliance - fibrosis

Question 23

Describe the features of loss of compliance in restrictive lung disease

Answer 23

increased collagen, decreased vital capacity, normal ageing process

Question 24

What is the effect on FEV1, FVC in restrictive lung disease

Answer 24

FVC is reduced, FEV1% is the same or increases

Question 25

TRUE or FALSE - peak flow increases in restrictive lung disease

Answer 25

FALSE

Question 26

Describe asbestosis

Answer 26

slow build up of fibrosis tissue - loss of compliance - fibres trapped in lungs

Question 27

What disease is a mixture of obstructive and restrictive

Answer 27

emphysema

Question 28

Where is the basic respiratory rhythm generated

Answer 28

centres in the medulla

Question 29

What are the medullary centres

Answer 29

dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group

Question 30

What does the dorsal respiratory group control

Answer 30

inspiration

Question 31

How do the dorsal respiratory group control inspiration

Answer 31

sends signals to inspiratory muscles

Question 32

Describe the activity of the dorsal respiratory group

Answer 32

spontaneously active

Question 33

What does the ventral respiratory group control

Answer 33

inspiration, expiration

Question 34

Describe the activity of the ventral respiratory group

Answer 34

inactive during quiet respiration

Question 35

What does the ventral respiratory group control during activation

Answer 35

forceful inspiration and expiration

Question 36

What does the pneumotaxic centre control

Answer 36

increases rate by shortening inspirations

Question 37

What does the pneumotaxic centre have an inhibitory effect on

Answer 37

inspiration centre

Question 38

What is the function of the apneustic centre

Answer 38

increases depth, reduces rate, prolongs inspirations

Question 39

What does the apneustic centre stimulate

Answer 39

inspiratory centre

Question 40

What reflex uses stretch receptors in the lungs

Answer 40

Hering-Breuer reflex

Question 41

Describe the Hering-Breuer reflex

Answer 41

stretch receptors send signals to medulla to limit inspiration

Question 42

What does the Hering-Breuer reflex prevent

Answer 42

over-inflation of the lungs

Question 43

What do central chemoreceptors monitor

Answer 43

conditions in cerebrospinal fluid, sense CO2 and pH

Question 44

What is the response to rise in CO2

Answer 44

increased ventilation

Question 45

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located

Answer 45

carotid body, aortic arch

Question 46

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 46

increased CO2, decreased pH, oxygen

Question 47

What does stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors cause

Answer 47

increased ventilation