Gene Models & Nephron Function II

Question 1

What is the function of the loop of henle

Answer 1

urine concentration

Question 2

What does the loop of henle reabsorb

Answer 2

Na+, Cl-, H2O, Ca2+, Mg2+

Question 3

What drug targets the loop of henle

Answer 3

loop diuretics

Question 4

Describe the important structures of the loop of henle

Answer 4

thin descending limb, thick ascending limb, thin ascending limb

Question 5

Describe the permeability of the thin descending limb

Answer 5

water permeable, impermeable to sodium and chloride

Question 6

Describe the permeability of the ascending limb

Answer 6

impermeable to water, permeable to sodium and chloride

Question 7

Which side faces the tubular fluid

Answer 7

apical

Question 8

Which side faces the blood

Answer 8

basolateral

Question 9

What are the channels on the apical side of the TAL

Answer 9

ROMK, NKCC2

Question 10

Describe sodium movement in the TAL

Answer 10

reabsorbed across the basolateral membrane

Question 11

Describe chloride movement in the TAL

Answer 11

moves in through NKCC2, reabsorbed into blood through CLCK

Question 12

What channels are located on the basolateral side of the TAL

Answer 12

sodium potassium ATPase, potassium channel, CLCK, barttin

Question 13

What does CLCK allow

Answer 13

eflux of chloride across basolateral membrane

Question 14

What does barttin allow

Answer 14

function of CLCK

Question 15

What is the function of ROMK

Answer 15

recycle potassium from NKCC2 across apical membrane

Question 16

What does NKCC2 require to function

Answer 16

potassium

Question 17

What does the reabsorption of sodium and chloride drive

Answer 17

reabsorption of calcium and magnesium

Question 18

How is Bartter’s inherited

Answer 18

recessively

Question 19

What mutations in what can cause bartter’s

Answer 19

CLCK/barttin, NKCC2, ROMK

Question 20

What do the mutations in bartter’s cause to function improperly

Answer 20

NKCC2

Question 21

What is NOT reabsorbed in bartter’s

Answer 21

sodium and chloride

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Bartter’s

Answer 22

salt wasting, polyuria, hypotension, hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercalciuria

Question 23

What is hypokalaemia

Answer 23

low plasma potassium

Question 24

What causes hypotension in Bartter’s

Answer 24

decreased ECF volume

Question 25

What is hypercaliuria

Answer 25

high calcium in urine

Question 26

What is ROMK knockout mouse a model for

Answer 26

Bartter's syndrome

Question 27

What is fractional excretion

Answer 27

amount in urine/amount filtered

Question 28

What symptoms are exhibited by ROMK knockout mice

Answer 28

salt wasting, polyuria,

Question 29

What symptoms of ROMK knockout mouse do not fit the model for Bartters

Answer 29

acidic plasma pH, hyperkalaemia

Question 30

Why might the ROMK knockout mouse give the wrong symptoms for Bartter's

Answer 30

complete los of function of ROMK rather than mutation

Question 31

Name two loop diuretics

Answer 31

furosemide, bumetanide

Question 32

What do loop diuretics treat

Answer 32

high blood pressure, excess fluid

Question 33

What do loop diuretics block

Answer 33

NKCC2

Question 34

What do loop diuretics inhibit

Answer 34

water, sodium and chloride reabsorption

Question 35

What drug causes symptoms like Bartter's

Answer 35

loop diuretics

Question 36

What can carriers for bartter's have protection from

Answer 36

hypertension

Question 37

What is reabsorbed in the early distal tubule

Answer 37

sodium, chloride, magnesium

Question 38

What drug targets the early distal tubule

Answer 38

thiazide diuretics

Question 39

What channels are on the apical membrane of the early distal tubule

Answer 39

NCC, magnesium channel

Question 40

What channels are located on the basolateral side of the early distal tubule

Answer 40

CLCK, barttin, potassium channel, sodium potassium ATPase

Question 41

How is Gitelman's inherited

Answer 41

recessively

Question 42

What symptoms does Gitelman's syndrome exhibit

Answer 42

salt wasting, polyuria, hypotension, hypokalaemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalciuria

Question 43

What channel is mutated in Gitelman's syndrome

Answer 43

NCC

Question 44

What part of the nephron does Gitelman's syndrome affect

Answer 44

distal tubule

Question 45

What symptom is different between Bartter's and Gitelman's syndrome

Answer 45

hypocalciuria and hypercalciuria

Question 46

What is the mutation of NCC in Gitelman's syndrome most likely to be

Answer 46

trafficking mutation

Question 47

Example of a thiazide diuretic

Answer 47

chlorothiazide

Question 48

What channel does thiazide diuretics target

Answer 48

NCC

Question 49

What does thiazide diuretics treat

Answer 49

high BP

Question 50

What is the effect of thiazide diuretics on the body

Answer 50

reduce water reabsorption

Question 51

What side effects can thiazide diuretics give you

Answer 51

side effects like gitelman's syndrome

Question 52

How are magnesium and chloride reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb

Answer 52

paracellularly