Gene Models & Nephron Function

Question 1

What brings blood into the glomerular capillaries

Answer 1

afferent arteriole

Question 2

What does the bowman’s capsule filter?

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

What is permitted to move through glomerular filtration

Answer 3

water, small molecules, ions

Question 4

What does glomerular filtration restrict

Answer 4

blood cells, proteins

Question 5

What does the ultra filtrate produce

Answer 5

protein free plasma

Question 6

Where does secretion occur from in glomerular filtration

Answer 6

from capillary into lumen of tubule

Question 7

What are the two pathways for transport

Answer 7

transcellular, paracellular

Question 8

What is transcellular transport

Answer 8

transport across the cell

Question 9

Describe reabsorption

Answer 9

lumen into the capillary

Question 10

What is paracellular transport

Answer 10

between cells

Question 11

What is the main role of the proximal tubule

Answer 11

bulk reabsorption of filtrate

Question 12

What organelle does the proximal tubule have lots of

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

Why does the proximal tubule have lots of mitochondria

Answer 13

need ATP for reabsorption

Question 14

What channels are located on the apical side of the proximal tubule

Answer 14

SGLT1, SGLT2, NaPiII, NHE3

Question 15

What channels are located on the basolateral side of the proximal tubule

Answer 15

sodium potassium ATPase, potassium channel

Question 16

Why does the proximal tubule have a high SA

Answer 16

maximise transport

Question 17

What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

Answer 17

100% glucose and AAs, 90% bicarbonate, 70% water and sodium

Question 18

What is the key transport protein on the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule

Answer 18

sodium potassium ATPase

Question 19

What sets up the negative membrane potential on the basolateral side of the proximal tubule

Answer 19

Sodium potassium ATPase, potassium channel

Question 20

What happens in NaPiII knockout mouse

Answer 20

less phosphate reabsorption, phosphate lost into urine, plasma phosphate low

Question 21

What are the symptoms of NaPiII knockout mouse

Answer 21

renal mineralisation, bone mineralisation, increased calcification, stones

Question 22

How is familial renal glycosuria inherited

Answer 22

autosomal recessive

Question 23

Describe the characteristics of familial renal glycosuria

Answer 23

increased urinary glucose, normal plasma glucose levels

Question 24

What is the function of carbonic anhydrase

Answer 24

breaks down carbonic acid into CO2 and water

Question 25

How does water move into the cell in the proximal tubule

Answer 25

Aquaporin 2

Question 26

Where is carbonic anhydrase located in the proximal tubule

Answer 26

extracellular surface, inside the cell

Question 27

What is the function of bicarbonate

Answer 27

maintain and regulate normal body pH

Question 28

What are the symptoms of renal NHE3 knockout mice

Answer 28

bicarbonate excreted in urine, pH acidic, systolic BP low,

Question 29

Why is BP low in renal NHE3 knockout mice

Answer 29

ECF volume decrease

Question 30

TRUE or FALSE - Renal NHE3 knockout mice exhibit reduction in water reabsorption by proximal tubule

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What is inhibited in the NHE3 knockout mouse?

Answer 31

H+ secretion across apical membrane, Na+ and HCO3- transport

Question 32

Why does the NHE3 knockout mouse have a lower plasma pH

Answer 32

lower plasma HCO3-

Question 33

What is the function of SGLT1 and SGLT2

Answer 33

reabsorb glucose across apical membrane

Question 34

What is the function of NaPiII

Answer 34

reabsorb phosphate - across apical membrane

Question 35

What is the function of NHE3

Answer 35

secrete hydrogen ions across the apical membrane

Question 36

What happens if phosphate isn't reabsorbed across apical membrane

Answer 36

less phosphate reabsorption, phosphate lost into urine, low phosphate plasma levels

Question 37

How are glucose levels affected in familial renal glycosuria

Answer 37

normal

Question 38

How are urinary glucose levels affected in familial renal glycosuria

Answer 38

increased

Question 39

TRUE or FALSE - CO2 can diffuse across the membrane in the proximal tubule

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

What is recycled across the apical membrane in the proximal tubule

Answer 40

hydrogen ions

Question 41

What does the normal function of NHE3 allow

Answer 41

breakdown of carbonic acid

Question 42

What does NHE3 help to maintain

Answer 42

normal bicarbonate levels in plasma