B18 - Trophic levels

Question 1

trophic levels

Answer 1

-positions within food chains of organisms

Question 2

Trophic level 1

Answer 2

-producers
-largest level

Question 3

producers

Answer 3

make their own food by photosynthesis

Question 4

Trophic level 2

Answer 4

-primary consumers
-herbivores eat plants

Question 5

Trophic level 3

Answer 5

-secondary consumers
-carnivores eat herbivores

Question 6

Trophic level 4

Answer 6

-tertiary consumers
-carnivores that eat other carnivores

Question 7

apex predator

Answer 7

-found at top
-nothing eats them

Question 8

biomass

Answer 8

mass of material in living organism

Question 9

measuring biomass

Answer 9

-dry mass in grams

Question 10

con of dry mass

Answer 10

-must be dead to dry and measure

Question 11

wet mass

Answer 11

-isnt killed
-less repeatable as water content varies

Question 12

changes of biomass through each Trophic level

Answer 12

decreases

Question 13

reason for changes of biomass through each trophic level

Answer 13

-not all matter is consumed = eg bones/roots
-lost in waste of organism (urea)
-lost in respiration

Question 14

how do decomposers break down dead matter

Answer 14

-secrete enzymes
-small soluble molecules diffuse into micro organism

Question 15

incident energy

Answer 15

-light from sun arriving at Earth’s surface

Question 16

biomass lost in faeces

Answer 16

-cannot digest plant cellulose = leaves
-carnivores can’t digest bones but eat less frequently than herbivores

Question 17

biomass lost in waste

Answer 17

-excess protein is lost through urea
-glucose is used in resp

Question 18

producers transfer how much of incident energy

Answer 18

-1% for photosynthesis

Question 19

how much biomass is transferred to each trophic level above

Answer 19

10%

Question 20

food security

Answer 20

-having enough food to feed a population

Question 21

factors that affect food security (6)

Answer 21

-increasing birth rate
-changes in diet
-new pests and pathogens affect farming
- environmental changes
-costs
-conflict

Question 22

solution for food insecurity

Answer 22

-maintaining soil quality
-more efficient ways to farm
-replenish fish stocks

Question 23

more food if there was less meat

Answer 23

-plants are fed to animals to grow
-could feed humans instead

Question 24

meat’s high protein diet

Answer 24

-increase growth in animals
-fed fish as well as plants

Question 25

most energy efficient way of food production

Answer 25

-eat plants directly -most biomass consumed = less waste

Question 26

artficially managed food production

Answer 26

-limiting movements of animals = less energy used = less resp -controlling temp = less resp to manage body temp

Question 27

problems in farming

Answer 27

-close proximity animals spread disease -ethical concern = small cages

Question 28

overfishing

Answer 28

-order quotas or species will die out

Question 29

ways to combat overfishing

Answer 29

-control size of holes in net so largest fish are caught only -younger fish can breed -bans in breeding season -quotas reduce trips

Question 30

mycoprotein

Answer 30

-rich food based on fungi

Question 31

mycoprotein fungus

Answer 31

Fusarium

Question 32

Mycoprotein process

Answer 32

-Fusarium reproduces on cheap glucose syrup -in large fermenters -needs aerobic conditions -harvested/purified/dried

Question 33

optimum conditions of mycoprotein produces

Answer 33

double every 5 hrs

Question 34

modern biotech

Answer 34

-large quantities of micro organisms to be cultures for food

Question 35

genetically modified bacteria

Answer 35

-produces drugs like insulin on industrial scale

Question 36

genetically modified crops

Answer 36

-more food -better food quality/nutritional value