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JKC Anatomy- Spring '24 > Back 3/3 > Flashcards

Back 3/3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ectoderm gave rise to ….

A

The central nervous system

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2
Q

The endoderm gave rise to …..

A

lining of gut, respiratory and urogenital tracks

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3
Q

Mesoderm gave rise to….

A

muscles, bones, connective tissue and fat

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4
Q

Ectoderm also forms the ____

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

these tubes come into existence at a time when the embryo is made of three flat sheets of cells - the ____ ______

A

Trilaminar Embryo

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6
Q

The _____ signals the ectoderm to fold in upon itself to form a _____ _____.

A

Notochord. Neural groove

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7
Q

When the notochord signals the ectoderm to fold in upon itself to form a neural groove. What is this process called?

A

Neurulation

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8
Q

Label:
-Notochord
- Intraembryonic coelom
- Neural Groove
- Neural Crest
- Somite

A

Label:
2-Notochord
3- Intraembryonic coelom
5- Neural Groove
4- Neural Crest
1- Somite

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9
Q

What level does the Blue represent?
Red?
Yellow?

A

Blue= Ectoderm
Red= mesoderm
Yellow= endoderm

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10
Q

The neural groove folds to become the ____ ______, which will give rise to the entire _____.

A

Neural Tube, CNS

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11
Q

Name the 3 components of the Central Nervous System.

A
  1. Brain
  2. Brainstem
  3. Spinal Cord
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12
Q

A second set of ectoderm cells also move into the mesoderm called ___ ____ _____, which migrate throughout the body

A

Neural crest cells

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13
Q

Mesoderm close to the neural tube forms _____.

A

Somites

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14
Q

Somites form ______, ______ and ______ of the body wall.

A

muscles, bones and dermis

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15
Q

Somites develop on either side of the _______ and ______.

A

Neural Tube and notochord

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16
Q

How many occipital somites are there?

A

4

Somites have the same number of spinal nerves. Cervical = 8
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 5
Coccygeal = 2-3

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17
Q

Each somite breaks into 3 functionally different parts. Name them

A
  1. Sclerotome
  2. Myotome
  3. Dermatome
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18
Q

The sclerotomes gives rise to …..

A

Vertebrae and axial bone

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19
Q

Identify:
- Sclerotome
- Neural Tube
- Dermatome
- Myotome

A

2- Sclerotome
1- Neural Tube
3- Dermatome
4- Myotome

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20
Q

Posterior horn develops into _____

A

Sensory Neurons

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21
Q

Anterior horn develops what kind of neurons.

A

Motor neurons

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22
Q

The neural crest cells develop into….

A

Posterior Root Ganglia

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23
Q

Neurons in the spinal cord’s anterior horn send axons to ______

A

Skeletal muscles

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24
Q

Sensory axons from the posterior root ganglia (neural crest) extend laterally towards _______

A

dermatomes

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25
Q

Sensory axons from the posterior root ganglia (neural crest) extend medially to reach the …..

A

posterior horn of spinal cord.

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26
Q

Sensory neurons travel to dermatomes by following ______ that have reached the corresponding _____

A

motor axons, myotomes

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27
Q

When nerves become compressed, usually ______ precede ______. Why?

A

Sensory signs precede motor signs.

Because the sensory axons are on the outside of the nerve

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28
Q

Anterior horn axons form from _____

A

myotome

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29
Q

Posterior root ganglion axons form from …

A

Dermatome and posterior horn

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30
Q

_______ split in half as fissures (of von Ebner) develop so axons can pass

A

Sclerotomes

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31
Q

Sclerotome remnants fuse with their neighbors to become ______

A

Vertebrae

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32
Q

_____ and the ______ will remain at the site of the fissures.

A

Intervertebral discs and intervertebral foramina

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33
Q

Sclerotome mesenchyme surrounds the _____ & _____, forming a loose model of the vertebrae and ribs

A

neural tube and notochord

34
Q

______ form in the sclerotome and start to replace it with cartilage in the 6th week.

A

Chondrification centers

35
Q

In the 7th week, _____ begins replacing cartilage

A

bone

36
Q

______ form in the vertebral body (centrum), pedicles, and lamina.

A

Primary ossification centers

37
Q

Ossification is not complete until after adolescence when _____ in _____ fuse to the rest of the vertebra

A

secondary centers of ossification, transverse and spinous processes (and annular epiphyses)

38
Q

______ are the last part of the vertebrae to ossify

A

Spinous processes

39
Q

_____ occurs when ossification fails or the spinous process does not form at all.

A

Spina Bifida

40
Q

Spina Bifida is due to the presence of what protein in maternal blood?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

41
Q

_______is failure of the neural arch, specifically the spinous process, to ossify. The defect is not large and is sometimes marked by a tuft of dense hair.

A

Spina bifida occulta

42
Q

______ occurs when meninges and CSF herniate through the hole left by the failed neural arch

A

Meningocele

43
Q

______ is the same as a meningocele with added herniation of the spinal cord and/or roots

A

Meningomyelocele

44
Q

_______ is failure of the neural tube to fold properly. Neural arch cannot form.

A

Rachischisis

45
Q

Abnormalities in Hox gene expression may cause ______ of the S1 vertebrae or ______ of the L5 vertebrae

A

lumbarization
sacralization

46
Q

In adults, the spinal cords ends at what level?

A

Approximately L1

47
Q

In embryos, the spinal cord ends at approximately what level?

A

It doesnt, spinal cord runs the full length of the vertebral canal

48
Q

At 6 months of gestation, the spinal cords ascends to approximately what level?

A

approx. S1

49
Q

A spinal cord of a newborn extends to approx. what level?

A

Approx. L2-L3

50
Q

Motor neurons in the _____ of the spinal cord innervate muscles from the ______ as well as other areas of mesoderm

A

anterior horn, somites (myotome)

51
Q

The ______ splits to form true back muscles innervated by ______.

A

myotome, posterior rami

52
Q

The ______ also forms the muscles of the trunk and limbs, innervated by ________.

A

myotome, anterior rami

53
Q

______ travel more or less directly into the muscles and skin that they innervate.

A

Posterior rami

54
Q

Anterior rami form complex plexi before reaching their target muscles. Why? What muscles do they become?

A

Their associated myotomes migrate and pulling the nerves behind.

Muscles of the neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, limbs, orbit, and tongue.

55
Q

What is it called when muscle fail to develop during embryonic formation?

A

Muscle agenesis

56
Q

Name the syndrome where the abdominal muscles fail to develop?

A

Prune Belly Syndrome

57
Q

What gene is responsible for double muscling?

A

Myostatin

58
Q

_____ & ________ regions migrate into the upper limb bud

A

Myotomes and dermatomes from C4-T2 regions

59
Q

_____ & ______ migrate into the lower limb bud.

A

Myotomes and dermatomes from L4-S3

60
Q

Dorsal/posterior muscle mass lead to _____

A

Extensors

61
Q

Ventral/anterior muscle mass lead to _____

A

Flexors

62
Q

Where do limb bones come from?

A

lateral mesoderm

63
Q

Describe the general trend of overall Morphology of limbs

A

Flipper-like upper limb bud -> Hand plate forms -> Digital rays appear in hand plate -> Apoptosis in the interdigital areas that carves out the digits -> Upper limbs bend at the elbow, fingers are short and webbed -> Fingers and toes are distinct and separated

64
Q

Programmed cell death is called ….

A

Apoptosis

65
Q

Define syndactyly

A

The webbing between the fingers does not completely go away

66
Q

Name the condition where the tail segment may rescind early or fail to form, this may result in fusion of the rear limb buds

A

Sirenomelia

67
Q

***

The dorsal muscle masses make extensor muscles in both upper and lower limbs but the extensors of a mature upper limb are on the posterior side while the extensors of the lower limb are on the anterior side. Why?

A

Due to fetal positioning in the uterus?????

68
Q

The outgrowth of the limb buds are initiated and maintained by the…

A

AER, Apical Epidermal Ridge

69
Q

What signal is produced in the AER?

A

FGF8- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8

69
Q

Define Amelia

A

without a limb

69
Q

Define meromelia

A

The partial absence of at least one limb

70
Q

Define Phocomelia, what was it caused by?

A

hands and feet are attached the the trunk, thalidomide (anti-nausea drug)

71
Q

Name the molecular marker signal protein for medio-lateral patterning.

A

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)

72
Q

Define Polydactyly

A

More than 5 fingers/toes on one extremity

73
Q

A herniated disc effects the level above/below?

A

Below

74
Q

What artery feeds the horns?

A

Sulcal artery

75
Q

Lumbar triangle is generally considered weaker or stronger?

A

Weaker

76
Q

What artery feeds the spinal cord?

A

Greater anterior segmental medullary artery

77
Q

Define ipsalateral

A

For a Left muscle contraction, rotate and lean left

78
Q

Define Contralateral

A

The opposite side of what you are asking, example: Transversospinalis muscle group

JKC Anatomy- Spring '24 (14 decks)

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