Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

JKC Anatomy- Spring '24 > Thorax part 3 > Flashcards

Thorax part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The anterior inferior border of the lung is at what rib?

A

6th costal cartilage?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

The lateral inferior border of the lung is at what rib?

A

8th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The posterior inferior border of the lung is at what rib?

A

10th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anterior line of pleural reflection is at what rib?

A

8th costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lateral line of pleural reflection is at what rib?

A

10th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Posterior line of pleural reflection is at what rib?

A

12th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the space between the inferior border or the lung and the line of pleural reflection?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the lungs most vulnerable to neck damage?

A

at the apex of the lung (above the first rib)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anteriorly, where would you draw fluid for a thoracocentesis?

A

6th-8th costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lateraly, where would you draw fluid for a thoracocentesis?

A

8th- 10th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Posteriorly, where would you draw fluid for a thoracocentesis?

A

10th-12th rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The air in the chest tends to accumulate between what 2 layers?

A

Parietal and visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax tend to happen in what kind of patient?

A

tall and lanky teenage boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Closed (spontaneous) pneumothorax is caused by ??

A

weak spot in the lungs that pops and collapses the space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Open pneumothorax is caused by ??

A

Something has traumatized the lungs, hole in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tension pneumothorax is caused by ??

A

trauma, hole in the lung but there is flap over the hole. pressure builds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a flail chest?

A

trauma to the thorax detaches the ribs

when you breath in, the chest caves inward (instead of out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True/ False: The right and left lymph of the lungs can cross over

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name some ways that could cause visceral pain to an organ

A

stretching or deprive of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the GI system respond to a sympathetic stimulation?

A

constricts smooth muscle and decreases blood flow to the GI tract/abdominal/pelvic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In a sympathetic response, the pupil with ____

A

dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are the lungs not always open to max diameter?

A

because the wider the airway, increases the chances of pathogens getting into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the parasympathetic response in the bladder?

A

increases detrusor muscles and relaxes smooth muscle of the sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the Sympathetic pre-ganglionic cell bodies located?

A

in intermediolateral (IML) cell column of T1-L2 spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do Sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons exit the spinal cord?

A

Anterior roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

**What is the Sympathetic pathway?

A

exit through anterior root -> spinal nerve -> white rami communicans -> paravertebral ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The white rami communicans are (heavily/slightly) myelinated

A

Slightly (that is why they are white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What 4 things can happen to a pre-ganglionic sympathetic axon once it arrives in the paravertebral ganglia?

A
  1. Synapse and exit the paravertebral chain
  2. Ascend, synapse and exit the pvc
  3. Descend, synapse and exit the pvc
  4. exit without synapse (abdomen and pelvis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

If the axon is going to the back or limbs (somatic target) what pathway does it take?

A

pre-ganglionic axon synapses in the paravertebral ganglion -> exits by gray ramus -> travels in anterior and posterior rami -> Sweat glands, Arrector pili (pilomotor), Precapillary sphincter (vasomotor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sudomotor is going ??

A

Sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pilomotor is going ?

A

Arrector pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vasomotor is going ?

A

precapillary sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In hyperhidrosis the _____ are grey rami that travel from the C8- T1 and inferior cervical ganglion to the brachial plexus.

In severe cases they are ____

A

Nerve of Kuntz

Surgically resected (or cut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In the head sympathetic pathway, what levels?* ASK HIM ABOUT THIS ONE

A

T1-3 IML

exit through anterior root -> spinal nerve -> white rami communicans -> synpase in the INFERIOR/MIDDLE/ SUPERIOR cervical ganglion then go to the head and face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Post- gangionlic sympathetic cells in the INFERIOR and MIDDLE send axons through ??

A

gray rami communicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Post- gangionlic sympathetic cells in the SUPERIOR cervical send axons through ??

Where is there final destination?

A

carotid arteries

the eye and innervated the radial fibers of the iris (eye will cause the iris to dilate and allows might light into the retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome caused by ?

A

disruption of the sympathetic signals to the head

Unilateral and ipsilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Damage for these for things can lead to Horner’s syndome

A

-Sympathetic chain in the neck
-Superior cervical ganglion (less common)
-IML of the upper thoracic spinal cord (rare)
-Autonomic pathways from hypothalamus  brainstem  spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the common S/S of Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Ptosis
Anhydrosis
Meiosis- persistent constricted pupil
Flushing/warmness of the face on that side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the pathway for Sympathetic innervation of the Thoracic viscera?

A

exit through anterior root -> spinal nerve -> white rami communicans -> synapses in the paravertebral ganglion or ascends prior to synapse -> post- ganglionic axon exits as cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve -> joins cardiopulmonary plexus -> reaches target by following branches of bronchi or coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sympathetic pathway for the thoracic viscera, where do the pre-ganglionic axon synapse?

A

paravertebral ganglion or ascends before synapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sympathetic pathway for the thoracic viscera, where do the post- ganglionic axon exit?

A

exit ganglion as cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

define splanchnic nerve

A

any sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve that does NOT piggyback on anything else

Aka a solo traveler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve is at what levels?

A

T5-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve is at what levels?

A

T10-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The least splanchnic nerve is at what levels?

A

T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system has pre-ganglionic cell bodies in one of two places. What are they?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei and Sacral spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

*Be able to draw these

A

Know this slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Damage to the greater petrosal nerve or subsequent branches will cause _____ due to loss of parasympathetic innervation of lacrimal

A

dry eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Damage to the lesser petrosal nerve can result in _____ since the parotid on the affected side would lose parasympathetic input.

A

dry mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

In the thorax/abdomen and pelvis where are the post-ganglion cell bodies located?

A

in the wall of the organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Pre-ganglionic parasympathetics to thoracic organs originate from the ______

A

dorsal vagal motor nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the thorax parasympathetic pathway?

A

Pre-ganglionic para orginiate in the dorsal vagal motor nuclei -> descend in the vagus nerve -> axons to the heart join in the cardiopulmonary plexus -> post-ganglionic cell bodies are located in the wall of the heart and bronchi -> very short post-ganglionc axons extend to nearby myocardium, smooth muscle or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Parasympathetic of the thorax: Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons descend _____

A

in the vagus nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Parasympathetic of the thorax: the axons to the heart join the _____

A

cardiopulmonary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Parasympathetic of the thorax: Axons synapse with post-ganglionic parasympathetic cell ???

A

bodies in the wall of the heart and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Parasympathetic of the thorax: Very short post-ganglionic axons extend to _____, ______ and ______.

A

nearby myocardium, smooth muscle, or glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Label

A

Sympathetic chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Label. Sym or Para

A

Vagus nerve

Para

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Label. Sym or Para

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic

Para

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Label. Sym or Para

A

Pre-ganglion parasympathic cell bodies

61
Q

Visceral non-pain stimuli (reflexes) follow the ______ nerves backwards to reach the central nervous system.

A

parasympathetic

62
Q

The solitary nucleus is part of what system?

A

cardiorespiratory center

63
Q

The _____ nerve carries these inputs to the caudal region of the solitary nucleus – the cardiorespiratory center.

A

vagus

64
Q

The cardiorespiratory center just happens to be next to the _____ and this complex is the control center for heartbeat and respiration.

A

dorsal vagal motor nucleus

65
Q

______ controls the rate of peristalsis and secretion in the foregut and midgut

A

dorsal vagal motor nucleus

66
Q

In the thorax, abdomen and upper pelvis, visceral pain stimuli travel to the spinal cord backwards along the _____ nerves that supply each organ

A

sympathetic

67
Q

What is the pathway backwards for visceral pain to the spinal cord?

A

Cardiopulmonary plexus -> Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve -> Thoracic and cervical paravertebral ganglia -> White ramus -> Spinal nerve -> POSTERIOR root (cell body in the posterior root ganglion) -> Posterior horn of the spinal cord

68
Q

What is the basis for referred pain?

A

Organs will jump on the somatic afferent to the VPL and since those have assigned areas of the brain, the brain thinks the pain is coming from that specific area of the body when its actually coming from the visceral afferent-> Call referred pain

69
Q

What is the referred pain from the heart?

A

T1-5 sympathetics with cervical connections

70
Q

The gray rami communicans carry what kind of nerve?

A

post-ganglion sympathetic to the body

71
Q

The posterior rami carry what kind of nerve?

A

Post- ganglion sympathetic to muscle and skin to the back

72
Q

The Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve carry what kind of nerve?

A

Sympathetic to the abdominal organs

73
Q

The Vagus nerve carry what kind of nerve?

A

Parasympathetic

74
Q

Sweating is (Sympathetic/Parasympathetic)

A

Parasympathetic

75
Q

Paired ________ in the mesoderm fuse into a single tube

A

Endocardial tubes

76
Q

Mesoderm around the tube enlarges to form the ______ and starts beating ~22 days.

A

myocardial mantle

77
Q

What are the 4 steps to the development of a 4 chambered heart

A
78
Q

What is a patent foramen ovale?

A

persistence of foramen ovale after birth, may open during increased right heart pressure, can allow clots to enter the arterial circulation (Stroke)

79
Q

The primitive ventricle and bulbis cordis are initially separated by the ????

A

muscular portion of inter-ventricular septum.

80
Q

????? also helps to separate the atrioventricular canal into a right and left canal.

A

muscular portion of inter-ventricular septum.

81
Q

____ is the most common CHD lesion

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

82
Q

_____ cause LEFT to RIGHT ventricle shunting.

What is the most common type?

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Perimembranous

83
Q

The closure of the primitive atrium is separated from the primitive ventricle by two _____

A

endocardial cushions

84
Q

______ contribute to pulmonary and aortic valves

A

Endocardial cushions

85
Q

______ form the membranous portion of the interventricular septum and fully separate the two ventricles

A

Endocardial cushions

86
Q

What causes the common atrioventricular canals to form into left and right atrioventricular canals?

A

Expansion of the endocardial cushions

87
Q

The closure of the primitive atrium is separated from the primitive ventricle by ______?

A

Endocardial cushions

88
Q

During prenatal screenings, a cross is formed by what 3 features?

A

atrioventricular valves

atrial septum

ventricular septum

89
Q

Atrioventricular canal defects are also known as ?

They can be ____ or _____

A

Endocardial cushion defect

partial or complete

90
Q

What does a partial atrioventricular canal defect present as ?

A

a severe low ASD or high VSD with the AV valves affected but present

91
Q

What does a complete atrioventricular canal defect present as ?

A

the AV valves are not developed and all four chambers of the heart are contiguous

92
Q

When the mesenchyme below the AV valves hollow out, what 3 things does it leave behind?

A

valves

chordae tendinae

papillary muscles

93
Q

What are the four components of the tetrology of fallot?

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis
  2. RIGHT ventricular hypertrophy
  3. Overriding aorta
  4. VSD
94
Q

The primitive ventricle forms the ?

A

left ventricle

95
Q

the bulbus cordis forms the ?

A

right ventricle

96
Q

the conus cordis and truncus arteriosus form what two structures?

A

proximal aorta and pulmonary artery

97
Q

The conus cordis and truncus arteriosus form ___ that leads where ?

A

a single tube that leads to the aortic sac

98
Q

The conus cordis and truncus arteriosus are subdivided by ?

A

spiral conotruncal ridges

99
Q

The conotruncal ridges spiral as they pass through the _____ and _______ and meet the membranous portion of the ______.

A

conus cordis

truncus arteriosus

interventricular septum.

100
Q

The spiraling of the left ventricle results in the ____

A

aortic channel

101
Q

The spiraling of the right ventricle results in the ____

A

pulmonary channel

102
Q

During the transposition of great arteries what is happening?

A

wrong ventricles are connected to the wrong vessels

103
Q

During truncus arteriosus what is happening?

A

it results in one giant ventricle and the blood is mixed oxy and deoxygenated

104
Q

The 3rd aortic arch gives rise to ?

A

the common carotid

105
Q

the 4th aortic arch gives rise to ?

A

Right subclavian artery

106
Q

the 6th aortic arch gives rise to ?

A

the proximal trunk

107
Q

During a double aortic arch what is happening?

A

the right dorsal aorta remains intact below the 7th intersegmental artery and the esophagus gets squeezed making it hard to swallow

108
Q

During a subclavian sling, what is happening?

A

The right dorsal aorta remains intact below the 7th inter-segmental artery but disappears more superiorly. Does NOT compress trachea and esophagus as severely.

109
Q

What is a coarctation of the aorta?

A

when the aorta is narrow/compressed usually happens right below the origin of the ductus arteriosus

110
Q

Initially, where do all veins empty?

A

into the sinus venosus

111
Q

the vitelline veins carry (deoxy/oxy) from where?

A

deoxygenated

the yolk sac

112
Q

the cardinal veins carry (deoxy/oxy) blood from ?

A

deoxygenated

the embryo itself

113
Q

umbilical veins carry ____ blood from where?

A

OXYGENATED from the placenta

114
Q

Malformations of the cardinal veins result in ???

A

abnormal venous drainage

115
Q

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return results from ???

A

all four pulmonary veins are connected to the superior vena cava

mixing of blood in the right atrium due to an atrial septal defect

116
Q

The ______ lined by endoderm, extends off the gut tube & invades surrounding mesoderm

A

respiratory diverticulum

117
Q

The respiratory diverticulum, lined by ______, extends off the gut tube & invades surrounding ______.

A

endoderm

mesoderm

118
Q

The respiratory diverticulum extends inferiorly through the _____ and is separated from the foregut by _________.

A

laryngeal orifice

tracheoesophageal ridges

119
Q

The epithelium near the base of the tongue overgrows and closes the ______. It later is re-canalized, leaving the ______ and _____ as remnants

A

Laryngeal orifice

false laryngeal fold

laryngeal ventricle

120
Q

What is laryngomalacia? How does it present? What position is it worse in?

A

floppiness of the larynx

inspiratory stridor and/or stertor within the first few weeks of life

Worse in supine versus prone

121
Q

What is subglottic stenosis?

A

Congenital lesion results from incomplete recanalization of the laryngotracheal tube during the 3rd month of gestation

3rd most common laryngeal anomaly

122
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistulas happen when ?

A

the esophagus does not connect to the stomach, instead it connects with the trachae

123
Q

_____ is a slit like opening between the posterior larynx and esophagus

A

laryngeal cleft

124
Q

_____ is often present with recurrent aspiration, immediate regurtitation or cyanotic spells with feeding

A

laryngeal cleft

125
Q

laryngeal clefts happen due to the developmental failure of ??

A

primitive tracheoesophageal septum

126
Q

At week 5-26, respiratory diverticulum enter ____, branches then does what?

A

mesoderm

associates with vessels

127
Q

At week 27-> birth, _____ cells flatten and form ____ in much closer contact with vessels

A

epithelial

blind sacs

128
Q

birth to 10 years -> Branches become _____, cells ____ to create _____.

A

finer

flatten

more surface area

129
Q

insufficient surfactant can cause _____, which results in _____

A

atelectasis

collapse of the alveoli and respiratory distress syndrome

130
Q

Spaces (______ ) develop in ______

A

Intraembryonic coelom

lateral plate mesoderm

131
Q

the intraembryonic coelom fuse and expand – eventually they enlarge and separate the ______ into what 2 layers?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

Somatic layer and visceral layer

132
Q

The ____ and ____ layers separate and fold anteriorly

A

visceral and parietal

133
Q

The visceral layer and endoderm fold to form _____ and ______.

A

gut tube and mesentery

134
Q

What three layers fold to completely surround the gut tube?

A

parietal layer
ectoderm
amniotic cavity

135
Q

As what layer approach each other anteriorly, do they fuse and create the intraembryonic cavity?

A

somatic layers of lateral plate mesoderm

136
Q

The intramebryonic cavity produces what three other cavities?

A

pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities

137
Q

Thoracic wall defects results in ?

A

ectopia cordis

138
Q

In ectopia cordis the ___ and ____ do not fuse on the midline. What happens to the heart?

A

ribcage and sternum

heart develops normally outside of the body

139
Q

Gastroscisis develops as a result of ?

A

abdominal wall defects

incomplete closure of the abdominal wall which causes protrusion of the viscera

140
Q

Pelvic wall defects result in ?

A

bladder/cloacal exstrophy

141
Q

What layer does the bladder and external genitalia originate from?

A

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

142
Q

The horseshoe-shaped intraembryonic cavity splits into _____ and ____ cavities by the developing diaphragm.

A

pericardial & peritoneal

143
Q

How do the pericardial and peritoneal cavities communicate?

A

through left and right pericardioperitoneal canals

144
Q

Pericardioperitoneal canals close as two _____ folds extend from the lateral body wall to fuse with the _____ and ______.

A

pleuroperitoneal

septum transversum

esophageal mesentery

145
Q

Congenital diaphragm hernia results in ?

A

the intestine are found in the top cavity coming through the diaphragm

146
Q

______ manifests similarly to a mild congenital diaphragmatic hernia but pushes weakened diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. What nerve is this due to ?

A

Eventration of the diaphragm

Flaccid paralysis of the splenic nerve

147
Q

Name 2 additional hernias the also result in herniation from the abdomen into the thorax?

A

parasternal and esophageal hernias

148
Q

The heart grows into the ______ before the lungs.

A

embryonic pericardial cavity

149
Q

As the lungs take up more space, they push two _____ folds ahead of them. What nerves do they contain?

A

pleuropericardial

phrenic nerves

150
Q

When the pleuropericardial folds fuse to each other, what two cavities do they separate?

A

pleural cavity from the pericardial cavity

151
Q

The lungs “sculpt” their _____ out of the body wall as they expand lateral to the heart’s _____.

A

pleural cavities

pericardial cavity

JKC Anatomy- Spring '24 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions